Subfamily Eumeninae
Introduction
Members of this cosmopolitan group, the mud, potter or mason wasps, are small to large solitary wasps. Over 350 Australian species and subspecies are described in 35 genera, many of them endemic. Some species are very common and conspicuous, building large mud nests on walls of houses. Adults are often collected on flowers or at water. Nests may be of mud cells built in the open (on house walls, rocks or vegetation), in burrows in the ground, or in wood. Some species use a paste of vegetable fibres to make their cells, and some species use abandoned mud nests of other species (Eumenidae or Sphecidae), partitioning large cells to the correct size. All Australian species appear to use larval Lepidoptera to provision their cells, although larval Coleoptera and Symphyta are also used by non-Australian eumenids (Evans & West Eberhard 1970; Reik 1970; Naumann 1991).
Recent studies on the behaviour of Australian eumenines, not mentioned in the checklist because the species were not identified, include: Smith (1978) on Paralastor sp.; Smith & Alcock (1980) on Epsilon sp. (as yet no Australian species are named in this small tropical genus); Naumann (1983) on Odynerus sp., Paralastor sp. and Abispa sp.
General References
Evans, H.E. & West Eberhard, M.J. 1970. The Wasps. Ann Arbor : Univ. Michigan 265 pp.
Naumann, I.D. 1983. The biology of mud nesting Hymenoptera (and their associates) and Isoptera in rock shelters of the Kakadu Region, Northern Territory. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service Special Publication 10: 127-189
Naumann, I.D. 1991. Hymenoptera. pp. 916-1000 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne : Melbourne University Press Vol. 2 pp. 543-1137
Riek, E.F. 1970. Hymenoptera. pp. 857-959 in CSIRO (ed.). The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Carlton : Melbourne University Press xiv 1029 pp.
Smith, A.P. 1978. An investigation of the mechanisms underlying nest construction in the mud wasp Paralastor sp. (Hymenoptera : Eumenidae). Animal Behaviour 26: 232-240
Smith, A.P. & Alcock, J. 1980. A comparative study of the mating systems of Australian eumenid wasps (Hymenoptera). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 53: 41-60