Order Porocephalida Heymons, 1935
- Porocephalida Heymons, R. 1935. Pentastomida. In, Dr. H.G. Bronns. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Fünfter Band. IV Abteilung, 1. Buch. Leipzig : Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H. pp. 1–268 [214].
Introduction
Porocephalida is the larger of the two pentastomid orders with seven families and more than 16 genera, according to whose taxonomy is followed.
Fain (1961: 24, 35) divided the order into two suborders, ‘Sous-Ordre des Porocephaloidea Sub.-ord. nov.’ and ‘Sous-Ordre des Lingualatoidea Sub.-ord. nov.’, taxa with the superfamily suffix –oidea. These taxa were recognised as superfamilies by Self (1969) and Almeida & Christoffersen (1999). These authors are followed here and, according to the ICZN, authorship follows those of the nominal families, not Fain (1961) as commonly stated.
Diagnosis
Mouth distinctly subterminal, situated between inner hook pair. Hooks disposed in straight line or arc. Size differences between hooks not pronounced.’ Hooks complex, sometimes with accessory spines, more or less completely retractable into grooves. Hooks articulating directly onto a boat- or gutter-shaped fulcrum. Pointed, or rounded, and/or flattened. Cephalothorax contains compact glandular mass with four efferent ducts leading to hook pits. Intestine flanked by compact glandular masses with paired ducts leading to frontal papillae. Cuticular spines often present on posterior edge of abdominal segments. Uterus elongate and tubular, tightly coiled in haemocoel, vagina opens towards caudal extremity, either in a common pit with the anus or separated from it by one or more annuli. Male genitalia with cirrus threads long and coiled, within paired cirrus pouches. Cirrus tip thickened, ornamented and free. Cirrus base passes through a copulatory spicule which is not club-shaped. Seminal vesicle Y-shaped, encircling intestine. Eggs with three layers, mucous envelope around inner egg shell. Primary larva with double hooks in a Y-shaped fulcrum. Penetration apparatus consists of a simple median stylet, flanked by a pair of bifid accessory spines. Early nymphal hooks doubled barbs lying one on top of the other. Ganglia fused into a compact suboesophageal mass. (from Riley 1986)
Diagnosis References
Riley, J. 1986. The biology of pentastomids. Advances in Parasitology 25: 45-128
General References
Almeida, W.O. & Christoffersen, M.L. 1999. A cladistic approach to relationships in Pentastomida. Journal of Parasitology 85: 695-704
Fain, A. 1961. Les pentastomides de l'Afrique centrale. Annales de Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale sér. 8 92: 1-115
Self, J.T. 1969. Biological relationships of the Pentastomida; a bibliography on the Pentastomida. Experimental Parasitology 24: 63-119