Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes
Wildlife Australia, December 1996
ISBN 0 6422 1395 X
Recovery Outline - Kowari
Recovery Outline
| Kowari |
|---|
1 Family: Dasyuridae
2 Scientific name: Dasycercus byrnei (Spencer, 1896)
3 Common name: Kowari
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: C2a
5 Intra-specific taxa:
None described.
6 Former distribution:
Records from SA/NT border near Charlotte Waters, northern SA around Warburton Creek and north of Cooper Creek, south and east of the Simpson Desert, western Qld between the Simpson Desert and Diamantina River south of Boulia. Recorded as being reasonably common in some areas where they have been located; however no details of overall abundance are available. Its distribution has always been very patchy.
7 Current distribution:
Appears to have become extinct to the west of Lake Eyre and the Simpson Desert. Has not been recorded in the NT since 1901 and surveys of areas north of Oodnadatta in SA failed to record presence (Lim 1992). The species has also apparently become locally extinct on Sandringham Station (Qld). Confined to the Lake Eyre Basin outside the Simpson Desert bioregion. Recent records suggest a distribution from north of Cooper Creek; east of Killalpanina to east of the Simpson Desert in Qld; south of Boulia and west of Thomson Creek from around Betoota. Temporal and spatial fluctuations in numbers make it difficult to estimate population size with any certainty but it is apparently only rare across its range. |
8 Habitat:
The species is found in gibber patches in Mitchell grass plains. Preliminary habitat modelling suggests that plant species richness and the number of habitat patches are predictors of Kowari presence during drought within the known range (Lim 1995).
9 Reasons for decline:
A range of threats have been postulated as affecting persistence. The impacts of introduced predators are unknown; however dogs, cats and foxes tend to occupy different habitats being more prevalent on dune areas and drainage lines which Kowari do not appear to prefer (Lim 1992). Anecdotal evidence suggests that cattle grazing may negatively impact on the species with the disappearance from Sandringham Station being attributed to altered vegetation communities caused by cattle grazing. Road works and increased vehicular traffic may be negatively impacting on populations (Lim 1992).
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
10.1 Study long-term patch and metapopulation dynamics.
10.2 Develop suitable methods to record long-term patch quality changes.
11 Recovery objectives:
11.1 Protect and manage an adequate proportion of the known source populations.
11.2 Long-term monitoring of targeted source and sink populations.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
12.1 Development of a predictive habitat model.
12.2 Review of conservation status.
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Establish and implement long-term monitoring program of abundance at selected sites throughout the known range, including Diamantina National Park.
13.2 Conduct research on the impact of cattle grazing on distribution and abundance.
13.3 Maintain locally-based management team for the species.
13.4 Survey additional sites in SA.
13.5 Further actions to be determined based on the outcome of current research.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
Qld Department of Environment, SA Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Leong Lim (Countrywide Ecological Service).
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required -
Financial resources required - 1996-1999 -
Action QDE/SA DENR ESP Total Cost
Monitoring program $20 000 $5 000 $25 000
Research - impact of cattle $5 000 $150 000 $155 000
Maintain Recovery Team $8 000 $2 000 $10 000
Survey SA sites $12 000 $0 $12 000
Other actions to be determined
Total $45 000 $157 000
Total 1996-1999 $202 000
References:
Lim L. 1992. Recovery Plan for the Kowari Dasyuroides byrnei Spencer, 1896 (Marsupalia: Dasyuridae). Report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra (unpublished).
Lim L. 1995. Kowari Recovery Plan Annual Report 1994/95. Report to Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage (unpublished).
Recovery Outline
| Mulgara |
|---|
1 Family: Dasyuridae
2 Scientific name: Dasycercus cristicauda (Krefft, 1867)
3 Common name: Mulgara, Murtja, Nyarluti, Minyi-minyi
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: C2a
5 Intra-specific taxa:
None. Recognised by Jones (1923) as two species D. cristicauda and D. hillieri, but later combined to one species with two subspecies (eg. Jones 1949). Recent work at the South Australian Museum has confirmed the original assessment of two species (at least). D. hillieri is Endangered.
6 Former distribution:
Once widespread and common throughout the central deserts region.
7 Current distribution:
 |
Fragmented into small, discontinuous populations in Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. |
8 Habitat:
Now found principally in mature hummock grasslands (spinifex). Available information suggests that colonies coincide with better watered areas such as palaeo-drainage systems or drainage lines in sandplain or sand dune habitats.
9 Reasons for decline:
Major threats are unknown but are probably related to habitat destruction by changed fire regimes and introduced herbivores such as cattle and rabbits, and predation by feral cats and foxes.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
Identify a selection of core habitats supporting persistent Mulgara populations from each of the states and territories. These core populations could then provide the basis for a long term monitoring program. Two persistent populations have already been identified and studied to some extent and this needs to be formalised and possibly expanded.
11 Recovery objectives:
11.1 Confidently identify the distribution and habitat of D. cristicauda.
11.2 Identify factors limiting distribution and abundance.
11.3 By appropriate management ensure the species persists in its current area of occurrence.
11.4 Increase community awareness and involvement in the conservation of the species.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
12.1 Identify past and present distribution, habitat and threatening processes on a national scale.
12.2 Collect basic ecological data on population dynamics; food availability and diet; movements, home range and social structure; and habitat on a local scale.
12.3 Determine genetic status and separation of existing populations.
12.4 Identify extent of likely distribution using satellite imagery.
12.5 Prepare a Recovery Plan based on the research results and reassess the status of the Mulgara and future actions.
13 Management actions required:
Develop management plan for the Uluru/Yulara population. Identify persistent populations in WA and implement appropriate management. Educate environmental consultants, developers and land managers. Implement long-term monitoring of populations to distinguish natural fluctuations from decline.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, WA Department of Conservation and Land Management, Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Qld Department of Environment.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
World Wide Fund for Nature, South Australian Museum, Berry Springs Wildlife Park, Yulara township and Ayers Rock Resort, University of New England, University of Sydney, Resolute Mining.
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - Research Officer $160 000
Research Assistants $240 000
Financial resources required - 1996-1999 -
Action Total Cost
Survey of present distribution $40 000
Ecology study $60 000
Predator control and monitoring $130 000
Aboriginal liaison $20 000
Recovery Team $12 000
Community education $40 000
Yulara population management $30 000
Total $732 000
References:
Gibson D.F. and Cole J.R. 1992. Aspects of the ecology of the Mulgara, Dasycercus cristicauda, (Marsupalia: Dasyuridae) in the Northern Territory. Australian Mammalogy 15, 105-112.
Jones F. Wood 1923. The Mammals of South Australia. Part I. The Monotremes and the Carnivorous Marsupials. Government Printer, Adelaide.
Jones F. Wood 1949. The study of a generalized marsupial (Dasycercus cristicauda Krefft). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 26, 409-501.
Woolley P.A. 1990. Mulgaras, Dasycercus cristicauda (Marsupalia: Dasyuridae); their burrows and records of attempts to collect live animals between 1966 and 1979. Australian Mammalogy 13, 61-64.
Woolley P.A. 1995. Mulgara Dasycercus cristicauda (Krefft, 1867). Pp. 55-56 in R. Strahan (Ed.) The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books, Chatswood, NSW.
Recovery Outline
| Chuditch |
|---|
1 Family: Dasyuridae
2 Scientific name: Dasyurus geoffroii Gould, 1841
3 Common name: Chuditch, Western Quoll
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: C1
5 Intra-specific taxa:
Originally recognised by Thomas (1906) as two forms: D. g. geoffroii in western Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia, and D. g. fortis in Western Australia, however this is no longer considered valid (Serena et al. 1991).
6 Former distribution:
Formerly occurred over approximately 70 percent of the continent, occurring in every mainland State and the Northern Territory.
7 Current distribution:
Now restricted to the south west of WA. Occurs at low densities throughout the Jarrah forest and more patchily in the drier woodlands and mallee shrublands of the southern Wheatbelt and  near Hopetoun on the south coast. |
8 Habitat:
The former wide range of Chuditch suggests that it is capable of occupying a range of habitats, including deserts, woodlands, mallee shrublands, sclerophyll forests, and coastal areas.
9 Reasons for decline:
Many, but most would relate to a loss of habitat productivity. Being carnivorous, Chuditch would rely on an intact food chain for survival. Habitat alteration due to clearing, grazing and frequent wildfire would detrimentally impact Chuditch. Competition for food and predation from cats and foxes, hunting and poisoning have also contributed to its decline.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
None, Recovery Plan has been prepared (Orell and Morris 1994).
11 Recovery objectives:
To achieve downlisting of conservation status from Endangered to Vulnerable (IUCN 1994) within 10 years (by 2001) by
ensuring that the species persists within its present (1992) range, and
increasing population numbers by expansion into former range.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
Six management actions have been identified and are under way:
12.1 Habitat management research into the impact of prescribed burning and timber harvesting in the Jarrah forest is under way. Chuditch habitat requirements are considered during rehabilitation after bauxite mining.
12.2 Impact of fox control programs completed research has shown that Chuditch have benefited from fox control programs using 1080 meat baits. A broad scale fox baiting program is now under way in the Jarrah forest.
12.3 Monitoring Chuditch populations are being monitored at several sites within the Jarrah forest as part of CALM District fauna management programs and as part of ongoing research into fox control, prescribed burning and timber harvesting. A monitoring site in the Wheatbelt has not yet been established.
12.4 Distribution and requirements in the semi arid zone work in this area will increase over the next few years. A recent extensive survey for Chuditch in the southern Wheatbelt failed to detect any. Populations may have continued to decline over the last 10 years and restocking of suitable areas is probably required.
12.5 Captive breeding program ongoing and successfully undertaken at Perth Zoo since 1989. Over 60 Chuditch have been bred, with most being used for translocation to Julimar Conservation Park.
12.6 Translocation a successful translocation has been undertaken at Julimar Conservation Park. Translocations to Wheatbelt reserves and Shark Bay are proposed.
13 Management actions required:
None, all necessary actions are under way.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
WA Department of Conservation and Land Management.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Perth Zoo, Australian Nature Conservation Agency, World Wide Fund for Nature, Alcoa of Australia.
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - WA CALM 0.45 Research Scientist
2.5 Technical Officers
Perth Zoo 0.5 Keeper
Financial resources required 1992-2001 -
Action CALM/Perth Zoo ESP Total Cost
Habitat management $223 600 $413 100 $636 700
Fox control $12 000 $7 700 $19 700
Monitoring $85 500 $33 800 $119 300
Semi arid research $46 600 $18 000 $64 600
Captive breeding $204 600 $141 300 $345 900
Translocation $101 900 $164 300 $266 200
Total $556 600 $895 800
Total 1992-2001 $1 452 400
References:
IUCN 1994. IUCN Red List Categories. Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland.
Orell P. and Morris K. 1994. Chuditch Recovery Plan. Wildlife Management Program No. 13. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
Serena M., Soderquist T.R. and Morris K. 1991. The Chuditch. Wildlife Management Program No. 7. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
Thomas O. 1906. On mammals collected in south-west Australia for Mr W.E. Balston. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1906, 468-478.
Recovery Outline
| Spotted-tailed Quoll (SE mainland+Tas) |
|---|
1 Family: Dasyuridae
2 Scientific name: Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Kerr, 1792)
3 Common name: Spotted-tailed Quoll, Spot-tailed Quoll, Tiger Quoll
(SE mainland+Tas)
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: C1,2a
5 Intra-specific taxa:
Two subspecies have been described, D. m. maculatus from the south-eastern mainland and Tasmania, and D. m. gracilis from north-east tropical Queensland. D. m. gracilis is Endangered.
6 Former distribution:
South-eastern Queensland (as far north as Bundaberg and as far west as Chinchilla), eastern NSW, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania (including some Bass Strait Islands).
7 Current distribution:
In south-east Queensland has undergone a range contraction indicated to be in excess of 30% over the last 25 years and is now rare in most areas. Remaining populations are concentrated in the Blackall/Conondale Ranges, southern Darling Downs (Stanthorpe to Wallangarra), Main Range (Goomburra to Spicers Gap), Lamington Plateau and McPherson/Border Ranges (Springbrook to Mt Lindsay). Still extant in the ACT and eastern NSW, patchily distributed as far west as Warrumbungles NP with a number of localised areas where reasonably abundant, mostly in wet forests. Most abundant populations believed to be in north-eastern NSW, where most commonly encountered on the north coast and ranges from the Hunter Valley, Taree, Port Macquarie to Coffs Harbour and gorges and escarpments of the New England Tableland. In Vic., now patchily distributed through the Eastern Highlands, East Gippsland, the Otway Range and the Mt Eccles - Lake Condah area. Records since 1970 are concentrated in the upper Snowy River valley, the Otway Range, Mt Eccles NP, the Rodger River - Errinundra Plateau area and around the Gippsland Lakes (Mansergh 1995). There is a recent (1991) record from the Murray Mallee near Swan Hill; however, no population has been located. In Tasmania is absent from islands and absent or rare in the central midlands and parts of the central east coast cleared for agriculture. Records (339) during the past 30 years show it is more frequently recorded in wet forests or scrub in the north-east highlands and the west of the State (Rounsevell et al. 1991). There is no evidence of a decline in distribution or in numbers in remaining suitable habitat but the species is nowhere common (it may be naturally rare). Extinct in South Australia. Overall, many populations are physically and genetically isolated. Total range reduction unknown, but could be as high as 50%. |
8 Habitat:
Forests, woodlands, wet forest alliance, rainforest, coastal heaths and coastal wet scrub, estuarine areas and rocky headlands.
9 Reasons for decline:
Combination of habitat loss and fragmentation, possible disease at turn of century, competition with foxes and feral cats, predation by foxes and dogs and impact of widespread strychnine baiting for dingoes. Most recently non-target mortality from trapping and poisoning (use of 1080 poison without adequate protection of non-target species is of major concern in most States within range). Direct persecution is significant as they are attracted to caged birds and do not necessarily take flight when discovered.
Estimated forest loss as a result of clearing within its former range in south-east Queensland is over 70%, with the majority of loss occurring over the last 20 years.
The species uses a large number of den sites throughout the year and activities that impact on the number of den logs are likely to be significant. Spot-tailed Quolls are susceptible to 1080 poisoning and may be affected by fox control programs.
In Tas. this taxon is naturally rare, possibly as a result of competition with D. viverrinus, Sarcophilus harrisii and feral cats (Jones 1995). This renders it vulnerable to decline. Road mortality could be a significant factor where high speed roads and good habitat coincide, as quolls are attracted to feed on carcasses of road-killed animals.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
10.1 Distribution survey, particularly in NSW. Cage trapping and hair tubing have proved fairly successful in detecting the species if more than one sampling period per site is undertaken. Studies in central and southern NSW are needed to complement forest surveys already undertaken in north-eastern areas. Determine population trends by repetitive density estimates in a range of habitats across its distribution.
10.2 Investigate effects of 1080 poison and baiting protocols on the species and effects of competition from other predators including feral cats, foxes and dingoes/wild dogs.
10.3 Study habitat and further study dietary requirements.
10.4 In Tas., monitoring of population densities particularly in relation to forestry practices.
11 Recovery objectives:
11.1 Monitor populations.
11.2 Prevent further habitat loss and fragmentation.
11.3 Minimise impact of 1080 baiting.
11.4 Undertake public education, especially of private land holders in rural areas, to reduce direct killing.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
Vic. - Action Statement prepared under Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Study of diet and some home range estimates and bait take behaviour recently completed (Belcher 1995). Experimental baiting trials under way (commenced 1995 by DNRE Orbost).
NSW - None.
Qld - None.
Tas. - A three-year study of diet, fine-scale habitat use and competition with the two sympatric dasyurid carnivores D. viverrinus and Sarcophilus harrisii has recently been completed (Jones 1995, Jones and Rose 1996).
ACT - None.
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Determine the critical threatening processes and take remedial actions.
13.2 Minimise habitat loss, establish broad wildlife corridors between conservation areas and implement these in all land use plans.
13.3 Feral predator control in significant areas.
13.4 Minimise non-target kills from 1080 baiting in known habitat areas. Some recommendations already made by Belcher (1995); study proposed for the Orbost area (Vic.).
13.5 Ensure off-park habitat protection in State forests and on private land.
13.6 Establish a regular population monitoring program.
13.7 Community extension work to reduce the incidence of direct kills on farmland.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
Vic. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Qld Department of Environment, Tas. Department of Environment and Land Management.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
C. Belcher (Ecosystems Environmental Consultants), Healesville Sanctuary, Menna Jones (University of Tasmania).
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - Tas. DELM 0.5 Technical Officer
Financial resources required - 1997-2001 -
Action agency ESP Total Cost
Research and monitoring in SE Qld $50 000 $250 000 $300 000
Tas. monitoring and research $50 000 $250 000 $300 000
Bairnsdale information and education seminars *$8 000 *$8 000
Orbost bait trials $*16 000 *$16 000
2-year radio-tracking study (Vic) $80 000 $80 000
Total $124 000 $580 000
* Annual costs, funded by Alps Liaison Committee
Total 1997-2001 $704 000
References:
Alexander D. 1980. Diet of the Tiger Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus Kerr) in an area of New England National Park, northeastern New South Wales. Part requirement for degree of Bachelor of Natural Resources, University of New England, New South Wales (unpublished).
Belcher C.A. 1995. Diet of the tiger quoll Dasyurus maculatus in East Gippsland, Victoria. Wildlife Research 22, 341-357.
Boschma D.J. 1991. A dietary analysis of Dasyurus maculatus (Kerr) in the area below Dangar's Falls, Armidale. Part requirement for degree of Bachelor of Natural Resources, University of New England, New South Wales (unpublished).
Green R.H. and Scarborough T.J. 1990. The spotted-tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus (Dasyuridae, Marsupalia) in Tasmania. The Tasmanian Naturalist 100, 1-15.
Jones M.E. 1995. Guild structure of the large marsupial carnivores in Tasmania. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania (unpublished).
Jones M.E. and Rose R.K. 1996. Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat associations of the Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) and Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Report to Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee (unpublished).
Mansergh I.M. 1984. The status, distribution and abundance of Tiger Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in Australia with particular reference to Victoria. Australian Zoology 21(2), 109-122.
Mansergh I.M. 1995. Spot-tailed Quoll. Pp. 51-52 in P.W. Menkhorst (Ed.) Mammals of Victoria, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Mansergh I.M. and Belcher C. 1992. Tiger Quoll. Flora and Fauna Action Statement Number 15. Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne.
Rounsevell D.E., Taylor R.J. and Hocking G.J. 1991. Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 18, 699-717.
Watt A. 1993. Conservation status and draft management plan for Dasyurus maculatus and D. hallucatus in southern Queensland. Report to Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage and Department of Environment, Sport and Territories (unpublished).
Recovery Outline
| Carpentarian Antechinus |
|---|
1 Family: Dasyuridae
2 Scientific Name: Pseudantechinus mimulus (Thomas, 1906)
3 Common Name: Carpentarian Antechinus
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: D2
5 Intra-specific taxa:
Synonymised with Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis by Mahoney and Ride (1988) and separated again by Kitchener (1991) on the basis of specimens obtained from the Sir Edward Pellew Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria.
6 Former distribution:
Originally collected on Alexandria Station (NT) by W. Stalker in 1905 but has not been recorded since from mainland Australia despite appreciable survey effort in the region.
7 Current distribution:
 |
Restricted to North, Central and South West Islands in the Sir Edward Pellew group. |
8 Habitat:
Nothing is known of the mainland habitat from which the species was obtained by Stalker, but on the Pellew Islands it occurs on gently sloping rocky sandstone hills with a pebbly to rocky surface. The tree overstorey is scattered and contains mostly Eucalyptus tetradonta with a relatively dense understorey. The ground layer contains mostly spinifex (Plectrachne pungens).
9 Reasons for decline:
Not known but fire has had an impact on the spinifex communities of the rocky hills of what would presumably have been its mainland habitat.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
10.1 Additional surveys in conjunction with research on the Carpentarian Rock-rat Zyzomys palatalis to confirm its mainland distribution.
10.2 Research into the impact of fire on spinifex communities on the Pellew Islands and its impact on the species.
11 Recovery objectives:
11.1 Develop management prescription.
11.2 Reintroduce the species onto mainland Australia.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
12.1 Areas have been set aside for national park purpose in the Limmen Bight River area.
12.2 North Island has been established as Barranyi NP.
13 Management actions required:
Negotiation with Aboriginal traditional owners regarding required conservation measures.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Northern Land Council, Barranyi traditional Aboriginal owners.
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - to be determined
Financial resources required - 1996-1998 -
Action Total Cost
Population estimate on islands $30 000
Research into impact of fire on spinifex $30 000
Survey on NT mainland $40 000
Total $100 000
References:
Kitchener D.J. 1991. Pseudantechinus mimulus (Thomas 1906) (Marsupalia, Dasyuridae): rediscovery and redescription. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15(1), 191-202.
Mahoney J.A. and Ride W.D.L. 1988. Dasyuridae. Pp. 14-33 in D.W. Walton (Ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Volume 5: Mammalia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Recovery Outline
| Butler's Dunnart |
|---|
1 Family: Dasyuridae
2 Scientific name: Sminthopsis butleri Archer, 1979
3 Common name: Butler's Dunnart*
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: D2
* The name "Carpentarian Dunnart" has been used in the past but is geographically inappropriate, as after redefinition, this taxon does not occur anywhere near the Gulf of Carpentaria.
5 Intra-specific taxa:
None recognised.
6 Former distribution:
Unknown - the only records of this species are from Kalumburu in the Kimberley (three specimens, in 1965/66), and from Bathurst Island (two specimens in 1991) and Melville Island (one specimen in 1913) off the NT coast (Woinarski et al. in press).
7 Current distribution:
|
The species has not been recorded from the Kimberley since the original collection, despite survey effort since (P. Woolley). There are also no recent records from Melville Island, despite some limited recent survey; and no animals were captured from Bathurst Island in a survey in 1994 (P. Woolley). |
8 Habitat:
The Bathurst Island specimens came from Eucalyptus-Callitris open forest on sand, and from coastal sand habitats (Melaleuca forest). The Kalumburu specimens were from flood debris on black soil plains.
9 Reasons for decline:
Unknown, possibly feral predators.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
10.1 Intensive search of coastal sand habitats on Bathurst and Melville Islands, adjacent NT mainland and north Kimberley mainland using pitfall traps.
10.2 Autecological study of the biology, including habitat and dietary requirements, and threatening processes.
11 Recovery objectives:
To maintain sufficient secure populations of the species across the known range to down-list the species to Lower Risk (least concern). In the short term, ensure the continued existence of known populations.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
None.
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Establish whether known populations are still extant.
13.2 Intensively search for additional populations, and characterise habitat.
13.3 Undertake study of the biology of the species, to determine dietary and habitat requirements, and assess threatening processes.
13.4 Establish appropriate management agreements (and actions) for at least some populations.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, WA Department of Conservation and Land Management.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Tiwi Land Council, Kimberley Land Council. 16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required -
Financial resources required - 1996-1999
Action Total Cost
Sample existing populations $15 000
Survey $60 000
Detailed study $90 000
Management actions $20 000
Total 1996-1999 $185 000
References:
Woinarski J.C.Z., Woolley P.A. and Van Dyck S. in press. The distribution of the Dunnart Sminthopsis butleri. Australian Mammalogy.
Recovery Outline
| Numbat |
|---|
1 Family: Myrmecobiidae
2 Scientific name: Myrmecobius fasciatus Waterhouse, 1836
3 Common name: Numbat
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: A1a,D2
5 Intra-specific taxa:
None recognised.
6 Former distribution:
Widespread across southern semi-arid and arid Australia, from western NSW through SA and southern NT to the south-west of WA.
7 Current distribution:
 |
Two remnant populations and one self-sustaining reintroduced population in the south-west of WA. |
8 Habitat:
Formerly in semi-arid and arid woodlands (Eucalyptus and Acacia) and grasslands (Triodia and Plectrachne). Now restricted to eucalypt woodlands in the wettest periphery of the former range.
9 Reasons for decline:
Predation by foxes, changed fire regimes, especially in arid grasslands, habitat destruction in some areas.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
None.
11 Recovery objectives:
11.1 Maintain existing range and abundance.
11.2 Re-establish in suitable areas of former occurrence, to increase the number of self-sustaining populations to at least nine and the number of animals to over 4 000.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
A Recovery Plan has been prepared (Friend 1994) and is being implemented.
12.1 Management of existing populations and habitat. Including exotic predator control, monitoring of existing populations, habitat management research, and effectiveness of silviculture guidelines.
12.2 Genetic survey of existing populations.
12.3 Translocations to establish four further self-sustaining populations. Includes exotic predator control, translocation program and monitoring reintroduced populations.
12.4 Disease survey and health monitoring of all populations.
12.5 Captive breeding to provide animals for display and to supplement the translocation program if necessary.
12.6 Establishment and support of public awareness and sponsorship programs.
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Habitat management research. Study effects of hazard reduction burning in Jarrah forest. Measure Numbat home range size at high population numbers.
13.2 Two further translocations to establish a total of nine self-sustaining populations. Includes exotic predator control, translocation program, monitoring reintroduced populations and genetic management of populations.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
WA Department of Conservation and Land Management.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Perth Zoo, Australian Nature Conservation Agency, SA Department of Environment and Natural Resources, World Wide Fund for Nature, Earth Sanctuaries Ltd (Yookamurra Sanctuary).
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required -
Financial resources required -
Action Total Cost
1 Management of existing populations $586 900
2 Genetic survey of existing populations $19 200
3 Translocation $842 600
4 Disease survey - health monitoring $47 100
5 Captive breeding $420 000
6 Public awareness and sponsorship $46 000
Total over 10 years $1 961 800
$649 400 over three years currently assured from CALM, Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia and Perth Zoo
References:
Friend J.A. 1989. Myrmecobiidae. Pp. 583-590 in D.W. Walton and B.J. Richardson (Eds) Fauna of Australia. Volume IB: Mammalia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Friend J.A. 1994. Recovery Plan for the Numbat. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth (unpublished).
Recovery Outline
| Golden Bandicoot (mainland) |
|---|
1 Family: Peramelidae
2 Scientific name: Isoodon auratus auratus (Ramsay, 1887)
3 Common name: Golden Bandicoot (mainland)
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: B1,2e
5 Other subspecies:
Two subspecies are recognised, I. a. auratus from mainland Australia, and I. a. barrowensis (Thomas 1901) from Barrow Island (WA). The taxonomic status of "I. arnhemensis" described from mainland north-eastern Arnhem Land (Lyne and Mort 1981) is uncertain, but may be attributable to I. a. auratus. Allozyme electrophoresis of Marchinbar Island animals suggested that they are close to Barrow Island animals, treated here as a separate subspecies. The Cape York Peninsula taxon I. obesulus peninsulae may also be referable to I. auratus. I. a. barrowensis is Vulnerable.
6 Former distribution:
Extensive distribution from western NSW (Ellis et al. 1991) throughout much of central Australia extending north to Arnhem Land and the north Kimberley (Friend 1990, Johnson and Southgate 1990).
7 Current distribution:
Known from the north Kimberley (Augustus Island, Yampi Peninsula, George Water and Prince Regent River Nature Reserve) and Marchinbar Island (Wessels  Group in Arnhem Land). |
8 Habitat:
Little historical information available, but presumably occurred in hummock grasslands across much of arid Australia. Habitat of extant populations of this subspecies includes rainforest margins on sandstone (north Kimberley mainland: Friend et al. 1991), eucalypt woodlands (Yampi Peninsula), rugged sandstone with eucalypt woodland over hummock grassland (Augustus Island: McKenzie et al. 1978), and sandstone with hummock grasslands and heath (Marchinbar Island: Southgate et al. 1995).
9 Reasons for decline:
Unknown. Declined in south-western and eastern Kimberley soon after spread of pastoralism (Friend 1990). Rapid decline in the desert regions may have been due to introduced predators and changed fire regimes.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
10.1 Undertake broad distributional (and population size) survey, particularly in Arnhem Land and Kimberley (mainland and islands).
10.2 Examine the taxonomy of the I. auratus/ I obesulus group, particularly the isolated populations in northern Australia.
10.3 Document the ecology (diet, relationship with fire, reproductive biology) in at least one population.
11 Recovery objectives:
To achieve downlisting of conservation status from Vulnerable to Lower Risk within 10 years by (in order of achievement):
11.1 Ensuring the species persists in its current range.
11.2 Establishing more populations on islands without feral predators.
11.3 Reintroducing populations to predator-controlled areas within the former mainland arid range.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
12.1 Limited surveys in the north Kimberley and eastern Arnhem Land (both just completed).
12.2 Genetic analysis of some north Kimberley populations and Marchinbar Island (Wessels Group, Arnhem Land) animals.
12.3 Small captive breeding colony established at Territory Wildlife Park.
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Monitor existing known populations.
13.2 Maintain and expand captive breeding populations.
13.3 If necessary, relocate some populations on other suitable islands.
13.4 Establish management agreements or reserves for populations on currently unprotected lands, in order to maintain threat abatement actions.
13.5 Establish a Recovery Team to coordinate and sponsor research and management.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
WA Department of Conservation and Land Management, Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Dhimurru Aboriginal Land Management Corporation, Mark Adams (Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum).
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - WA CALM 0.25 Regional Ecologist
WA CALM or PWCNT 1 Consultant Biologist
Financial resources required - 1995-1998
Action Total Cost
Survey $120 000
Autecological survey $40 000
Captive colony $90 000
Reintroductions $50 000
Consultant $180 000
Aboriginal informants $90 000
Other short-term staff $60 000
Recovery Team $6 000
Genetic analysis $60 000
Total 1995-1998 $696 000
References:
Burbidge A.A. 1971. The fauna and flora of the Monte Bello Islands. Department of Fisheries and Fauna Report No. 9. Department of Fisheries and Fauna, Perth.
Ellis M., Wilson P. and Hamilton S. 1991. The Golden Bandicoot, Isoodon auratus Ramsay 1887, in western New South Wales during European times. Australian Zoologist 27, 36-37.
Friend G.R., Morris K.D. and McKenzie N.L. 1991. The mammal fauna of Kimberley rainforests. Pp. 393-412 in N.L. McKenzie, R.B. Johnston and P.G. Kendrick (Eds). Kimberley Rainforests. Surrey Beatty, Sydney.
Friend J.A. 1990. Status of bandicoots in Western Australia. Pp. 73-84 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds). Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty, Sydney.
Johnson K.A. and Southgate R.I. 1990. Present and former status of bandicoots in the Northern Territory. Pp. 85-92 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds). Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty, Sydney.
Lyne A.G. and Mort P.A. 1981. A comparison of skull morphology in the marsupial bandicoot Isoodon: its taxonomic implications and motes on a new species Isoodon arnhemensis. Australian Mammalogy 4, 107-133.
McKenzie N.L., Burbidge A.A., Chapman A. and Youngson W.K. 1978. Mammals. In A.A. Burbidge and N.L. McKenzie (Eds). The Islands of the North-west Kimberley, Western Australia. Wildlife Research Bulletin Number 7.
Southgate R., Palmer C., Masters P., Woinarski J. and Brennan K. 1995. Golden Bandicoot survey of Marchinbar Island. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, report to Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia(unpublished).
Recovery Outline
| Barrow Island Golden Bandicoot |
|---|
1 Family: Peramelidae
2 Scientific name: Isoodon auratus barrowensis (Thomas, 1901)
3 Common name: Barrow Island Golden Bandicoot
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: D2
5 Other subspecies:
Originally described by Thomas (1901) as a new species Perameles barrowensis. Subsequently regarded as a subspecies of Isoodon auratus (Lyne and Mort 1981), with I. a. auratus being the mainland form. The latter subspecies is Vulnerable.
6 Former distribution:
Barrow, Middle and Hermite Islands, off the Pilbara coast of WA.
7 Current distribution:
 |
Barrow and Middle Islands. |
8 Habitat:
Widespread throughout most areas of Barrow and Middle Islands including Triodia grasslands and coastal scrub. They are commonly found foraging on beaches. On Barrow Island they are more numerous in sandier habitats.
9 Reasons for decline:
Became extinct on Hermite Island shortly before 1912 (Burbidge 1971), probably due to predation by feral cats. No evidence of decline on Barrow Island (population estimated at 60 000-80 000 individuals). Lower densities on Middle Island may have been due to competition from the introduced Black Rat Rattus rattus. These were eradicated in 1992.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
Determine taxonomic relationship of Isoodon auratus-obesulus group.
11 Recovery objectives:
To maintain population at current levels on Barrow and Middle Islands and to reintroduce to Hermite Island.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
12.1 Ecophysiological study (UWA and CALM) completed and some results published (Bradshaw et al. 1994).
12.2 Research carried out to determine effective techniques to eradicate cats and rats on Hermite Island.
12.3 Rat eradication project carried out throughout Montebello Islands (1996), monitoring required to ensure success; cat eradication planned.
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Monitor populations on Middle Island and south end of Barrow Island to determine recovery after Black Rat eradication.
13.2 Monitor success of rat eradication program.
13.3 Eradicate cats on Hermite Island.
13.4 Undertake reintroduction to Hermite Island.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
WA Department of Conservation and Land Management.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
The University of Western Australia, West Australian Petroleum Pty Ltd (WAPET), Apache Energy.
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - WA CALM 0.05 Research Scientist
0.05 Technical Officer
Financial resources required 1997-2001 -
Action agency ESP Total Cost
Eradication of rats and cats, Montebello Islands $80 000 $ $80 000
Monitor Middle Island population $2 500 $ $2 500
Re-introduce to Montebellos $0 $10 000 $10 000
Logistical support from WAPET and Apache Energy (air transport, accommodation).
Total $82 500 $10 000
Total $92 500
References:
Burbidge A.A. 1971. The fauna and flora of the Montebello Islands. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Report No. 9, Perth.
Bradshaw S.D., Morris K.D., Dickman C.R., Withers P.C. and Murphy D. 1994. Field metabolism and turnover in the Golden Bandicoot (Isoodon auratus) and other small mammals from Barrow Island, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 42, 29-41.
Lyne A.G. and Mort P.A. 1981. A comparison of skull morphology in the marsupial bandicoot genus Isoodon: its taxonomic implications and notes on a new species, Isoodon arnhemensis. Australian Mammalogy 4, 107-133.
Thomas O. 1901. On some kangaroos and bandicoots from Barrow Island, north-west Australia, and the adjoining mainland. Novitates Zoologica 8, 394-396.
Recovery Outline
| Nuyts Southern Brown Bandicoot |
|---|
1 Family: Peramelidae
2 Scientific name: Isoodon obesulus nauticus Thomas, 1922
3 Common name: Nuyts Southern Brown Bandicoot
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: D2
5 Other subspecies:
I. o. nauticus is one of five named geographically isolated subspecies of Isoodon obesulus, all of which are extant. No other subspecies are considered to be threatened in this action plan, however three are Lower Risk (near threatened).
6 Former distribution:
Only known historically from East and West Franklin and St Francis islands (SA), both of which are within conservation parks. Subfossil material has been found on Flinders Island (western Eyre Peninsula, SA) (Kemper 1990).
7 Current distribution:
 |
East and West Franklin Islands (512 ha, ca 1 000 animals) and St Francis Island (ca 809 ha, ca 500 animals) in SA. |
8 Habitat:
Low open chenopod shrublands with numerous Short-tailed Shearwater burrows and grassy limestone ridges with low open nitre-bush shrublands.
9 Reasons for decline:
No decline on Franklin Islands, probably has declined in areas cleared for cropping on St Francis Island.
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
Select potential translocation sites (other islands or mainland sites).
11 Recovery objectives:
Establish two additional populations (ie, total of five populations), preferably where other species are also being restored.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
Nil.
13 Management actions required:
Translocate animals to new population sites. Monitor new populations.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
SA Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
None.
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - 0.25 Research Officer
Financial resources required -
Action Cost
Research Officer $11 800
Translocation costs $3 000
Monitoring costs $12 000
Total $26 800
References:
Copley P.B., Read V.T., Robinson A.C. and Watts C.H.S. 1990. Preliminary studies of the Nuyts Archipelago Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus nauticus on the Franklin Islands, South Australia. Pp. 345-356 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.L. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds) Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Kemper C. 1990. Status of bandicoots in South Australia. In J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.L. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds). Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Recovery Outline
| Greater Bilby |
|---|
1 Family: Peramelidae
2 Scientific name: Macrotis lagotis (Reid, 1837)
3 Common name: Greater Bilby, Rabbit-eared Bandicoot
4 Conservation status: Vulnerable: C2a
5 Intra-specific taxa:
A number of subspecies have been described (Johnson 1995), however results from allozyme electrophoresis are consistent with the view that extant populations represent a singe biological species (Southgate and Adams 1993). The only geographically isolated population which is likely to be eligible for recognition as a subspecies in this Action Plan is in south-west Qld.
6 Former distribution:
The Bilby formerly occurred over 70% of mainland Australia from about latitude 16S to south of Adelaide, and from the western side of the Great Dividing Range to the WA coast (Southgate 1990a). Although there are no confirmed records, M. lagotis is likely to have occupied parts of Vic. and central Qld.
7 Current distribution:
Wild Bilby populations are now restricted predominantly to the Tanami Desert (NT; Johnson and Southgate 1990), the Great Sandy and Gibson Deserts (WA; Friend 1990) and an outlying population between Boulia and Birdsville (south-west Qld; Gordon et al. 1990). No wild Bilby populations occur within conservation reserves in the NT. Bilbies occur in the Gibson Desert NR, Rudall River NP and the proposed Percival Lakes NR (Burbidge and Pearson 1989) in WA. These last two sites are within the Great Sandy Desert. An extension (202 500 ha) to Diamantina Lakes NP has been declared to conserve a major proportion of the Qld Bilby population. |
8 Habitat:
The previous distribution of the species was associated with a wide variety of climatic zones. The Bilby occurred in areas which experienced principally summer rainfall in the north of Australia (eg. Tennant Creek, NT 370 mm pa) through the driest desert areas (eg. Birdsville, Qld 165 mm pa; Finke, NT 191 mm pa; Warburton, WA 213 mm pa) to the temperate areas in the south, east and west (eg. Goulburn, NSW 666 mm pa; Adelaide, SA 530 mm pa; Northam, WA 433 mm pa).
A wide range of soil and vegetation types and land forms were used. The Bilby formerly occurred in eucalypt woodlands in south-western WA, the Southern Tablelands of NSW and around Adelaide (SA). Habitat of extant populations includes tall shrublands and open woodlands of the semi-arid regions and the hummock grasslands and sparse forblands in the arid parts of Australia (Youngson et al. 1981; McKenzie and Youngson 1983; Gibson 1986; Burbidge and Pearson 1989; Johnson 1989; Southgate 1990b).
9 Reasons for decline:
Current Bilby distribution is associated with a low abundance or absence of foxes, rabbits and stock (Southgate 1990a). Major threats relate to predation and competition from foxes and habitat destruction from introduced herbivores. Elevated predation pressure from feral cats and Dingoes occurring in association with pastoral practices may also be limiting. Absence of a suitable burning regime in spinifex dominated landscapes. A recent study in the Gibson Desert over seven years suggest that the bilby is declining in the face of predation by foxes and cats (Christensen and Liddelow in press).
10 Additional studies required for recovery objectives and actions to be defined:
10.1 Population ecology. Determine survival and fecundity parameters of viable Bilby populations.
10.2 Food limitations. Determine factors which promote or degrade food supply.
10.3 Predator impact. Determine acceptable predator density and composition of predator communities.
11 Recovery objectives:
Achieve down-listing of the species from Vulnerable to Lower Risk in the next ten years.
11.1 Ensure the species persists in its current range.
11.2 Increase population numbers by reintroduction within the former range of the species.
11.3 Increase community awareness and involvement in conservation of the species.
12 Management actions completed or under way:
12.1 The broad distribution of the species and range of habitats occupied has been determined (Southgate 1990a; 1990b).
12.2 Reintroduction procedures to transfer captive-bred animals to a free ranging existence have been determined (Southgate 1995).
12.3 An investigation of the genetic variation within the species has been conducted (Southgate and Adams 1993).
12.4 Mapping and census of the Qld population has been conducted.
12.5 Maintenance of captive breeding colonies and breeding physiology (McCracken 1986).
13 Management actions required:
13.1 Monitoring of Bilby abundance and distribution in Qld, NT and WA.
13.2 Translocation/reintroduction of populations to SA, NSW and WA.
13.3 Genetic and disease study. Monitor changes in the captive, wild sub-populations and metapopulation.
13.4 National program coordination, community involvement and education.
13.5 Cost-effective collaborative predator baiting program developed with Aboriginal groups.
14 Organisation(s) responsible for conservation of species:
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, Qld Department of Environment, SA Department of Environment and Natural Resources, WA Department of Conservation and Land Management, Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
15 Other organisations or individuals involved:
Monarto Zoological Park, Western Plains Zoo, Stanbroke Pastoral Co, Central Land Council, Ngaanyatjarra Council.
16 Staff and financial resources required for recovery to be carried out:
Staff resources required - 1995 PWCNT 3 staff, QDE 3 staff, WA staffing needs to be considered
Staff numbers do not include those involved in management of captive populations, administration or on a temporary basis.
Financial resources required - 1996-1999
Action Total Cost
Survey $356 000
Population ecology $1 014 000
Food limitations $255 000
Predators *$238 000
Reintroduction/translocation *$393 000
Captive colonies $240 000
Community education and recovery $100 000
* WA costs of predator control and translocations not included
Total 1996-1999 $2 596 000
References:
Burbidge A.A. and Pearson D.J. 1989. A search for the Rufous Hare-wallaby and other rare mammals in the Great Sandy and Little Sandy Deserts, Western Australia. Technical Report No. 23. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
Christensen P. and Liddelow G. in press. Biology and conservation of the Dalgyte Macrotis lagotis Reid, Marsupalia, Thylacomyidae, in the Gibson Desert. CALMScience.
Friend J.A. 1990. Status of bandicoots in Western Australia. Pp. 73-84 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds) Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Gibson D.F. 1986. A biological survey of the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory Technical Report No. 30.
Gordon G., Hall L.S. and Atherton R.G. 1990. Status of bandicoots in Queensland. Pp. 37-42 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds) Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Johnson K.A. 1989. Thylacomyidae. Pp. 625-636 in D.W. Walton and B.J. Richardson (Eds) Fauna of Australia. Vol 1B Mammalia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Johnson K.A. 1995. Bilby Macrotis lagotis. Pp. 186-188 in Strahan R. (Ed.) The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books, Chatswood, NSW.
Johnson K.A. and Southgate R.I. 1990. Present and former status of bandicoots in the Northern Territory. Pp. 85-92 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds) Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
McCracken H.E. 1986. Observations on the oestrus cycle and gestation period of the Greater Bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid) (Marsupalia: Thylacomyidae). Australian Mammalogy 9, 5-16.
McKenzie N.L. and Youngson W.K. 1983. Mammals. Pp. 62-93 in A.A. Burbidge and N.L. McKenzie (Eds) Wildlife of the Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia. Wildlife Research Bulletin Western Australia No. 12. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth.
Southgate R.I. 1990a. Distribution and abundance of the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis Reid (Marsupalia: Peramelidae). Pp. 293-302 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds) Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Southgate R.I. 1990b. Habitats and diet of the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis Reid (Marsupalia: Peramelidae). Pp. 303-309 in J.H. Seebeck, P.R. Brown, R.I. Wallis and C.M. Kemper (Eds) Bandicoots and Bilbies. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Southgate R.I. 1995. Why introduce the bilby? Pp. 165-170 in M. Serena (Ed.) Reintroduction Biology of Australian and New Zealand Fauna. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Southgate R.I. and Adams M. 1993. Genetic variation in the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 46-52.
Youngson W.K., Henry J. and McKenzie N.L. 1981. Mammals. Pp. 39-45 in N.L. McKenzie (Ed.) Wildlife of the Edgar Ranges area, south-west Kimberley, Western Australia. Wildlife Research Bulletin Western Australia No. 10. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth.