EPBC Migratory Species Lists

The species currently on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) migratory species list are shown below. Please note that, for each listing, the scientific name used is that at the time of the listing. Where the commonly accepted scientific name has changed since the listing, the arrow always points to the accepted scientific name. To sort the list, click on a (blue) column title. Sort keys are cumulative.

The list of migratory species established under section 209 of the EPBC Act comprises:

migratory species which are native to Australia and are included in the appendices to the Bonn Convention (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals Appendices I and II);
migratory species included in annexes established under the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA); and
native, migratory species identified in a list established under, or an instrument made under, an international agreement approved by the Minister, such as the Republic of Korea-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (ROKAMBA).

Bonn Convention

The Bonn Convention appendices identify migratory taxa at and below the species level, as well as some whole families in Appendix II. The convention definition of migratory species is ‘the entire population or any geographically separate part of the population of any species or lower taxon of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries’. This definition has been adopted in the EPBC Act.

The family listings in Appendix II of the Bonn Convention do not explicitly include all members of each family and, for the purposes of the EPBC Act, the family listings include only those species which are native to Australia and are known to be cyclical and predictable migrants into and out of Australia. The taxonomy of families used in the Bonn Convention appendices is not regularly updated. To display current families for the species in the left of the Scientific Name column, click here: display family

The following codes are used in the Bonn Convention appendices:

A1: species listed explicitly in Appendix 1;
A2S: species listed explicitly in Appendix 2;
A2H: species is member of a family listed in Appendix 2; and
A2S*: species listed as a result of a recent taxonomic revision of a species listed explicitly in Appendix 2.

JAMBA, CAMBA, and ROKAMBA

The annexes to JAMBA, CAMBA and ROKAMBA identify species known to be regular and predictable migrants between the agreement countries. JAMBA also refers to endangered bird species of each country, but none of these species are regular migrants between Australia and Japan.

Further information is available on the Migratory species in Australia page.

Current Scientific Name Listed Scientific Name	Common Name	Bonn	CAMBA	JAMBA	ROKAMBA
Accipiter gentilis fugiyamae	Goshawk			Endangered in Japan
Acrocephalus orientalis Acrocephalus arundinaceus s. lat.	Oriental Reed-Warbler		Listed		Listed
Acrocephalus orientalis	Oriental Reed-Warbler	A2H
Acrocephalus stentoreus	Clamorous Reed-Warbler	A2H
Actitis hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper	A2H		Listed
Actitis hypoleucos Tringa hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper		Listed		Listed
Anas clypeata	Northern Shoveler		Listed	Listed	Listed
Anas querquedula	Garganey, Garganey Teal	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Anous stolidus	Common Noddy		Listed	Listed
Anthochaera phrygia Xanthomyza phrygia	Regent Honeyeater			Endangered
Apalopteron familiare hahasima	Hahajima Honeyeater			Endangered in Japan
Aplornis fusca Aplonis fusca	Tasman Starling			Presumed Extinct
Apus pacificus	Fork-tailed Swift		Listed	Listed	Listed
Aquila chrysaetos japonica	Japanese Golden Eagle			Endangered in Japan
Ardea ibis Ardeola ibis	Cattle Egret		Listed
Ardea ibis Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret			Listed
Ardea modesta Egretta alba	Eastern Great Egret		Listed	Listed
Ardenna carneipes Puffinus carneipes	Flesh-footed Shearwater, Fleshy-footed Shearwater			Listed	Listed
Ardenna grisea Puffinus griseus	Sooty Shearwater		Listed	Listed
Ardenna pacifica Puffinus pacificus	Wedge-tailed Shearwater			Listed
Ardenna tenuirostris Puffinus tenuirostris	Short-tailed Shearwater			Listed	Listed
Arenaria interpres	Ruddy Turnstone	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Balaenoptera bonaerensis	Antarctic Minke Whale, Dark-shoulder Minke Whale	A2S
Balaenoptera borealis	Sei Whale	A1
Balaenoptera edeni	Bryde's Whale	A2S
Balaenoptera musculus	Blue Whale	A1
Balaenoptera physalus	Fin Whale	A1
Branta canadensis leucopareia	Aleutian Canada Goose			Endangered in Japan
Buteo buteo oshiroi	Daito Island Buzzard			Endangered in Japan
Buteo buteo toyoshimai				Endangered in Japan
Cacatua pastinator pastinator	Muir's Corella (southern), Western Long-billed Corella (southern)			Endangered
Calidris acuminata	Sharp-tailed Sandpiper	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Calidris alba	Sanderling	A2H	Listed	Listed
Calidris alba Crocethia alba	Sanderling				Listed
Calidris alpina	Dunlin		Listed		Listed
Calidris bairdii	Baird's Sandpiper			Listed
Calidris canutus	Red Knot, Knot	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Calidris ferruginea	Curlew Sandpiper	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Calidris mauri	Western Sandpiper			Listed
Calidris melanotos	Pectoral Sandpiper	A2H		Listed	Listed
Calidris minuta	Little Stint				Listed
Calidris ruficollis	Red-necked Stint	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Calidris subminuta	Long-toed Stint	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Calidris tenuirostris	Great Knot	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Calonectris leucomelas	Streaked Shearwater			Listed	Listed
Calonectris leucomelas Puffinus leucomelas	Streaked Shearwater		Listed
Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne	Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo (south-eastern)			Endangered
Caperea marginata	Pygmy Right Whale	A2S
Carcharodon carcharias	Great White Shark	A1
Carduelis sinica kittlitzi	Bonin Islands Japanese Greenfinch			Endangered in Japan
Caretta caretta	Loggerhead Turtle	A1
Catharacta maccormicki	South Polar Skua			Listed
Cecropis daurica Hirundo daurica	Red-rumped Swallow				Listed
Cetorhinus maximus	Basking Shark	A1
Chalcophaps indica yamashinai	Emerald Dove			Endangered in Japan
Charadrius asiaticus	Caspian Plover		Listed
Charadrius bicinctus	Double-banded Plover	A2H
Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover		Listed		Listed
Charadrius hiaticula	Ringed Plover		Listed	Listed	Listed
Charadrius leschenaultii	Greater Sand Plover, Large Sand Plover	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Charadrius mongolus	Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Charadrius veredus	Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel	A2H		Listed	Listed
Chelonia mydas	Green Turtle	A1
Chlidonias leucopterus Chlidonias leucoptera	White-winged Tern, White-winged Black Tern		Listed		Listed
Chlidonias leucopterus	White-winged Tern, White-winged Black Tern			Listed
Chlidonias niger	Black Tern		Listed	Listed
Ciconia ciconia boyciana	Oriental White Stork			Endangered in Japan
Columba janthina nitens	Red-headed Wood-Pigeon			Endangered in Japan
Columba janthina stejnegeri	Stejneger's Wood-Pigeon			Endangered in Japan
Columba vitiensis godmanae	White-throated Pigeon (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Pigeon			Presumed Extinct
Coracina tenuirostris melvillensis	Melville Cicadabird			Endangered
Crex crex	Corncrake	A2S	Listed
Crocodylus porosus	Salt-water Crocodile, Estuarine Crocodile	A2S
Cuculus saturatus	Oriental Cuckoo		Listed	Listed	Listed
Cyanoramphus cookii Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii	Norfolk Island Green Parrot			Endangered
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis	Red-crowned Parakeet (Macquarie Island), Macquarie Island Parakeet			Presumed Extinct
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae subflavescens	Red-crowned Parakeet (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Parakeet			Presumed Extinct
Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni Psittaculirostris diophthalma coxeni	Coxen's Fig-Parrot			Endangered
Danaus plexippus	Wanderer Butterfly	A2S
Dasyornis broadbenti litoralis Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis	Rufous Bristlebird (western), South-western Rufous Bristlebird			Presumed Extinct
Dendrocopus leucotos owstoni	Owston's White-backed Woodpecker			Endangered in Japan
Dermochelys coriacea	Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth	A1
Diomedea epomophora epomophora Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto)	Southern Royal Albatross	A2S
Diomedea epomophora sanfordi Diomedea sanfordi	Northern Royal Albatross	A2S*
Diomedea exulans (sensu lato)	Wandering Albatross	A2S		Listed
Diomedea exulans amsterdamensis Diomedea amsterdamensis	Amsterdam Albatross	A1
Diomedea exulans antipodensis Diomedea antipodensis	Antipodean Albatross	A2S*
Diomedea exulans exulans Diomedea dabbenena	Tristan Albatross	A2S*
Diomedea exulans gibsoni Diomedea gibsoni	Gibson's Albatross	A2S*
Dromaius ater Dromaius minor	King Island Emu			Presumed Extinct
Dromaius baudinianus	Kangaroo Island Emu			Presumed Extinct
Drymodes superciliaris colcloughi	Roper River Scrub-robin			Presumed Extinct
Dugong dugon	Dugong	A2S
Egretta sacra	Eastern Reef Egret		Listed
Eretmochelys imbricata	Hawksbill Turtle	A1
Erithacus komadori komadori	Ryuku Robin			Endangered in Japan
Erithacus komadori namiyei	Stejneger's Ryuku Robin			Endangered in Japan
Erithacus komadori subrufus	Yaeyama Ryuku Robin			Endangered in Japan
Erythrura gouldiae	Gouldian Finch			Endangered
Eubalaena australis	Southern Right Whale	A1
Falco peregrinus fruitii	Volcano Islands Peregrine Falcon			Endangered in Japan
Falco peregrinus japanesis	Japanese Peregrine Falcon			Endangered in Japan
Falcunculus frontatus whitei	Crested Shrike-tit (northern), Northern Shrike-tit			Endangered
Fregata andrewsi	Christmas Island Frigatebird, Andrew's Frigatebird		Listed
Fregata ariel	Lesser Frigatebird, Least Frigatebird		Listed	Listed	Listed
Fregata minor	Great Frigatebird, Greater Frigatebird		Listed	Listed
Gallicolumba norfolciensis	Norfolk Island Ground-Dove			Presumed Extinct
Gallinago hardwickii	Latham's Snipe, Japanese Snipe	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Gallinago megala	Swinhoe's Snipe	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Gallinago stenura	Pin-tailed Snipe	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis Rallus philippensis maquariensis	Buff-banded Rail (Macquarie Island)			Presumed Extinct
Garrulus lidthi	Lidth's Jay			Endangered in Japan
Geophaps smithii blaauwi Petrophassa smithii blaauwi	Partridge Pigeon (western)			Endangered
Gerygone insularis	Lord Howe Gerygone, Lord Howe Warbler			Presumed Extinct
Glareola maldivarum	Oriental Pratincole		Listed	Listed	Listed
Grus antigone	Sarus Crane		Listed
Grus japonensis	Japanese Crane			Endangered in Japan
Haliaeetus albicilla albicilla	White-tailed Sea-Eagle			Endangered in Japan
Haliaeetus leucogaster	White-bellied Sea-Eagle		Listed
Haliaeetus pelagicus pelagicus	Steller's Sea-Eagle			Endangered in Japan
Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea	New Zealand Pigeon (Norfolk Island race)			Presumed Extinct
Hirundapus caudacutus Chaetura caudacuta	White-throated Needletail				Listed
Hirundapus caudacutus	White-throated Needletail		Listed	Listed
Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow		Listed	Listed	Listed
Hirundo striolata	Greater Striated Swallow		Listed
Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Pheasant-tailed Jacana		Listed
Isurus oxyrinchus	Shortfin Mako, Mako Shark	A2S
Isurus paucus	Longfin Mako	A2S
Ixobrychus sinensis	Yellow Bittern		Listed
Ketupa blakistoni blakistoni	Blakiston's Fish-Owl			Endangered in Japan
Lagenodelphis hosei SE Asian population	Fraser's Dolphin, Sarawak Dolphin	A2S
Lagenorhynchus obscurus	Dusky Dolphin	A2S
Lagopus mutus japonicus	Japanese Ptarmigan			Endangered in Japan
Lalage leucopyga leucopyga	Norfolk Island Long-tailed Triller			Presumed Extinct
Lamna nasus	Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark	A2S
Leipoa ocellata	Malleefowl			Endangered
Lepidochelys olivacea	Olive Ridley Turtle, Pacific Ridley Turtle	A1
Lewinia pectoralis clelandi Rallus pectoralis clelandi	Lewin's Rail (western)			Presumed Extinct
Lichenostomus melanops cassidix	Helmeted Honeyeater			Endangered
Limicola falcinellus	Broad-billed Sandpiper	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Limnodromus semipalmatus	Asian Dowitcher	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Limosa lapponica	Bar-tailed Godwit	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Limosa limosa	Black-tailed Godwit	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Lunda cirrhata	Tufted Puffin			Endangered in Japan
Macronectes giganteus	Southern Giant-Petrel	A2S
Macronectes halli	Northern Giant-Petrel	A2S
Manorina melanotis	Black-eared Miner			Endangered
Megalurus pryeri pryeri	Japanese Swamp-Warbler			Endangered in Japan
Megaptera novaeangliae	Humpback Whale	A1
Merops ornatus	Rainbow Bee-eater			Listed
Monarcha frater	Black-winged Monarch	A2H
Monarcha melanopsis	Black-faced Monarch	A2H
Motacilla alba	White Wagtail		Listed
Motacilla cinerea	Grey Wagtail		Listed		Listed
Motacilla citreola	Citrine Wagtail		Listed
Motacilla flava s. lat.	Yellow Wagtail		Listed	Listed	Listed
Myiagra cyanoleuca	Satin Flycatcher	A2H
Natator depressus	Flatback Turtle	A2H
Neophema chrysogaster	Orange-bellied Parrot			Endangered
Nestor productus	Norfolk Island Kaka			Presumed Extinct
Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria	Southern Boobook (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Boobook Owl			Presumed Extinct
Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata	Norfolk Island Boobook Owl, Southern Boobook (Norfolk Island)			Endangered
Nipponia nippon	Japanese Crested Ibis			Endangered in Japan
Numenius arquata	Eurasian Curlew	A2H	Listed
Numenius madagascariensis	Eastern Curlew	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Numenius minutus	Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Oceanites oceanicus	Wilson's Storm-Petrel			Listed
Oceanodroma leucorhoa	Leach's Storm-Petrel		Listed	Listed
Onychoprion anaethetus Sterna anaethetus	Bridled Tern		Listed	Listed
Orcaella heinsohni Orcaella brevirostris	Australian Snubfin Dolphin	A2S
Orcinus orca	Killer Whale, Orca	A2S
Pandion cristatus Pandion haliaetus	Eastern Osprey	A2S
Papasula abbotti Sula abbotti	Abbott's Booby			Endangered
Pardalotus quadragintus	Forty-spotted Pardalote			Endangered
Pezoporus occidentalis Geopsittacus occidentalis	Night Parrot			Endangered
Pezoporus wallicus flaviventris	Western Ground Parrot			Endangered
Phaethon lepturus	White-tailed Tropicbird		Listed	Listed
Phalacrocorax urile	Red-faced Cormorant			Endangered in Japan
Phalaropus fulicaria Phalaropus fulicarius	Grey Phalarope		Listed	Listed
Phalaropus lobatus	Red-necked Phalarope	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Philomachus pugnax	Ruff (Reeve)	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Phocoena dioptrica Australophocoena dioptrica	Spectacled Porpoise	A2S
Phoebastria albatrus Diomedea albatrus	Short-tailed Albatross, Steller's Albatross			Endangered in Japan
Phoebetria fusca	Sooty Albatross	A2S
Phoebetria palpebrata	Light-mantled Sooty Albatross	A2S
Phylloscopus borealis	Arctic Warbler	A2H	Listed
Physeter macrocephalus	Sperm Whale	A1
Picoides tridactylus inouyei	Inoue's Three-toed Woodpecker			Endangered in Japan
Pitta brachyura nympha	Fairy Pitta			Endangered in Japan
Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy Ibis	A2S	Listed
Pluvialis dominica	American Golden Plover	A2H	Listed
Pluvialis fulva	Pacific Golden Plover	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Pluvialis squatarola	Grey Plover	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Poecilodryas superciliosa cerviniventris	Derby White-browed Robin			Endangered
Porphyrio albus Notornis alba	White Gallinule			Presumed Extinct
Procellaria aequinoctialis	White-chinned Petrel	A2S
Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis	White-chinned Petrel	A2S
Procellaria cinerea	Grey Petrel	A2S
Procellaria parkinsoni	Black Petrel	A2S
Procellaria westlandica	Westland Petrel	A2S
Psephotus chrysopterygius	Golden-shouldered Parrot			Endangered
Psephotus pulcherrimus	Paradise Parrot			Presumed Extinct
Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera	Gould's Petrel			Endangered
Pterodroma solandri	Providence Petrel			Listed
Rallina fasciata	Red-legged Crake		Listed
Rallus okinawae	Okinawa Rail			Endangered in Japan
Rhincodon typus	Whale Shark	A2S
Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina Rhipidura cervina	Grey Fantail (Lord Howe Island)			Presumed Extinct
Rhipidura rufifrons	Rufous Fantail	A2H
Rostratula australis Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato)	Australian Painted Snipe		Listed
Sapheopipo noguchii	Pryer's Woodpecker, Okinawa Woodpecker			Endangered in Japan
Scolopax mira	Amami Woodcock			Endangered in Japan
Sousa chinensis	Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin	A2S
Spilornis cheela perplexus	Ryuku Serpent-Eagle			Endangered in Japan
Spizaetus nipalens orientalis	Hodgson's Hawk-Eagle			Endangered in Japan
Stenella attenuata E Tropical Pacific, SE Asian populations	Spotted Dolphin, Pantropical Spotted Dolphin	A2S
Stenella longirostris E Tropical Pacific, SE Asian populations	Long-snouted Spinner Dolphin	A2S
Stercorarius longicaudus	Long-tailed Jaeger, Long-tailed Skua			Listed
Stercorarius parasiticus	Arctic Jaeger, Arctic Skua			Listed	Listed
Stercorarius pomarinus	Pomarine Jaeger, Pomarine Skua		Listed	Listed
Sterna bengalensis	Lesser Crested Tern		Listed
Sterna caspia Hydroprogne caspia	Caspian Tern		Listed	Listed
Sterna dougallii	Roseate Tern			Listed
Sterna hirundo	Common Tern		Listed	Listed	Listed
Sterna sumatrana	Black-naped Tern		Listed	Listed
Sternula albifrons Sterna albifrons	Little Tern	A2S	Listed	Listed	Listed
Stipiturus malachurus intermedius	Southern Emu-wren (Fleurieu Peninsula), Mount Lofty Southern Emu-wren			Endangered
Sula dactylatra	Masked Booby			Listed	Listed
Sula leucogaster	Brown Booby		Listed	Listed	Listed
Sula sula	Red-footed Booby		Listed	Listed
Symposiachrus trivirgatus Monarcha trivirgatus	Spectacled Monarch	A2H
Thalassarche bulleri	Buller's Albatross	A2S
Thalassarche bulleri nov. Thalassarche sp. nov.	Pacific Albatross	A2S*
Thalassarche cauta cauta Thalassarche cauta (sensu stricto)	Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross	A2S
Thalassarche cauta eremita Thalassarche eremita	Chatham Albatross	A2S*
Thalassarche cauta salvini Thalassarche salvini	Salvin's Albatross	A2S*
Thalassarche cauta steadi Thalassarche steadi	White-capped Albatross	A2S*
Thalassarche chlororhynchos Thalassarche carteri	Yellow-nosed Albatross, Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross, Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross	A2S*
Thalassarche chlororhynchos	Yellow-nosed Albatross, Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross, Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross	A2S
Thalassarche chrysostoma	Grey-headed Albatross	A2S
Thalassarche melanophris	Black-browed Albatross	A2S*
Thalassarche melanophris impavida Thalassarche impavida	Campbell Albatross	A2S*
Tringa brevipes Heteroscelus brevipes	Grey-tailed Tattler	A2H		Listed
Tringa brevipes	Grey-tailed Tattler		Listed		Listed
Tringa glareola	Wood Sandpiper	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Tringa guttifer	Nordmann's Greenshank			Endangered in Japan
Tringa incana Heteroscelus incanus	Wandering Tattler	A2H		Listed
Tringa incana	Wandering Tattler		Listed
Tringa nebularia	Common Greenshank, Greenshank	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Tringa stagnatilis	Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Tringa totanus	Common Redshank, Redshank	A2H	Listed		Listed
Tryngites subruficollis	Buff-breasted Sandpiper			Listed	Listed
Turdus dauma amami	Amami Ground Thrush			Endangered in Japan
Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus	Grey-headed Blackbird, Norfolk Island Thrush			Endangered
Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus Turdus xanthopus vinitinctus	Vinous-tinted Thrush			Presumed Extinct
Tursiops aduncus (Arafura/Timor Sea populations)	Spotted Bottlenose Dolphin (Arafura/Timor Sea populations)	A2S
Uria aalge inornata	Common Murre, Guillemot			Endangered in Japan
Xenus cinereus	Terek Sandpiper	A2H	Listed	Listed	Listed
Zosterops albogularis	White-chested White-eye, Norfolk Island Silvereye			Endangered
Zosterops strenuus Zosterops strenua	Robust White-eye			Presumed Extinct

Caveat

This database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act). It has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the Commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. The Commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. The information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the Commonwealth. This database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. Individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the EPBC Act.

Citation: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2012). SPRAT EPBC Migratory Lists in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat. Accessed 2012-02-13T22:44:31.