Human Settlements Theme Report

Australia State of the Environment Report 2001 (Theme Report)
Lead Author: Professor Peter W. Newton, CSIRO Building, Construction and Engineering, Authors
Published by CSIRO on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2001
ISBN 0 643 06747 7

Figures and Photographs

Figures

Figure 1 - Settlement transitions.
Figure 2 - GDP and GPI per capita, 1950-2000 (constant 1989-1990 prices).
Figure 3 - Extended urban metabolism model for SoE reporting on human settlements.
Figure 4 - Australia's Pattern of Human Settlement 2001
Figure 5 - Projected Population Change, 2001-2002
Figure 6 - Population Change in Australian Country Towns, 1991-1996
Figure 7 - Projects Changes to Population Density by IBRA Region
Figure 8 - Distribution of Australia's Indigenous Population, 1996
Figure 9 - Components of population growth, Australia, 1986-1999.
Figure 10 - Projected total tourist visitor nights in Australia's top ten visitor regions, 2021.
Figure 11 - Change in population density, Sydney, 1981-1996.
Figure 12 - Change in population density, Melbourne, 1981-1996.
Figure 13 - Change in population density, Brisbane, 1981-1996
Figure 14 - Population change by zone-an assessment of re-urbanisation/ suburbanisation, 1981-1996.
Figure 15 - Residential densities of Australian cities, 1986 and 1996
Figure 16 - Change in dwelling types as percentage of total in large cities, 1986-1996.
Figure 17 - Change in population density in Sydney's inner ring, 1986-1999.
Figure 18 - Average household size.
Figure 19 - Human capital in OECD countries, 1995.
Figure 20 - Variation in human capital across human settlements as measured by the SEIFA index of education and occupation, 1996.
Figure 21 - Variation in human capital across Australia's metropolitan areas as measured by the SEIFA index of education and occupation, 1996.
Figure 22 - Change in average floor area of new housing.
Figure 23 - Components of total material flow per person, exports and domestic consumption, each disaggregated into direct material input and hidden flow.
Figure 24 - Trend in direct material use per person, 1946-1991.
Figure 25 - Primary energy use and GDP, 1900-2000.
Figure 26 - Australia's energy flows.
Figure 27 - Industrial electricity prices in Australia and selected countries, 1997 and 1999.
Figure 28 - Residential electricity prices in Australia and selected countries, January 1999.
Figure 29 - Trends in total energy, final energy and renewable energy consumption in Australia, 1975-2010.
Figure 30 - Energy use per capita in Australia and selected countries, 1995.
Figure 31 - Trends in total energy use per capita, end-use energy consumption per capita, and residential sector end-use energy consumption.
Figure 32 - Trends in end-use energy consumption for major sectors relative to 1975 consumption, Australia.
Figure 33 - Embodied energy of selected building materials and totals in a typical dwelling.
Figure 34 - Water use by sectors in states and territories, 1993-94 to 1996-97.
Figure 35 - Average per capita household water use for major urban areas.
Figure 36 - Components of average household water use in selected capital cities.
Figure 37 - Major urban water authority average domestic users' water costs, 1998-99.
Figure 38 - Australian vehicle fleet, 1975-2015.
Figure 39 - Projected passenger vehicle fleet age distribution, 1998- 2005.
Figure 40 - Estimates of total passenger fleet and new car fuel efficiency, 1991-2015.
Figure 41 - Energy consumption by transport mode, 1986-1987 to 1997-1998, with projections to 2014-15.
Figure 42 - P90/P10 income ratio among income units, Australia.
Figure 43 - Distribution of income among income units in Australia: Gini coefficients.
Figure 44 - Share of income, gross weekly income quintiles, 1984 and 1998.
Figure 45 - Distribution of economic resources across Australia, 1996.
Figure 46 - Distribution of economic resources in capital cities, 1996.
Figure 47 - Locations of various criminal offences, 1995.
Figure 48 - Mean housing cost as a percentage of income, 1999.
Figure 49 - Housing affordability index, December quarter.
Figure 50 - Housing tenure, 1988-1998.
Figure 51 - Distribution of Indigenous population by collector district, correlated with the SEIFA index of socio-economic disadvantage
in SLAs in the Brisbane metropolitan area, 1996.
Figure 52 - Comparison of average kilometres travelled per driver, 1998-1999.
Figure 53 - Change in distance and number of trips by purpose in Sydney, 1991-1997.
Figure 54 - Modes of journey to work in inner, middle and outer ring suburbs of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.
Figure 55 - Number of trips made by households using various modes, 1991 and 1997.
Figure 56 - Average trip times for various household travel purposes, according to mode of transport.
Figure 57 - Mobility expansion in Sydney, 1981-1997.
Figure 58 - Estimates of congestion costs in Australian cities in 2015 and 1995.
Figure 59 - Australian road fatalities 1981-1999.
Figure 60 - Motor vehicle accident deaths by settlement type, Australia, 1994-1998.
Figure 61 - Road accident costs by category.
Figure 62 - Death rates from all causes, 1907-1998.
Figure 63 - Death rates in Australia by cause of death and settlement type, 1994-1998.
Figure 64 - Trends in melanoma incidence and death rates, 1983-1998.
Figure 65 - Burden of disease by age and sex, Australia, 1996.
Figure 66 - Estimated burden of disease and injury
Figure 67 - Environmental complaints in Australian states, 1996-2000.
Figure 68 - Environmental complaints in Victoria and Queensland, 1998-1999.
Figure 69 - Primary sources of indoor air pollution in a typical office building.
Figure 70 - Annual aircraft movements from Australian airports, 1997-98.
Figure 71 - Percentage of population exposed to excessive traffic noise in some OECD countries.
Figure 72 - Proportion of wastewater treated to different levels, 1994.
Figure 73 - Levels of wastewater treatment for major urban water authorities, 1995-96 and 1999-2000.
Figure 74 - Level of wastewater treatment for non-major urban water authorities in 1998-99.
Figure 75 - Average water use in the Adelaide metropolitan area.
Figure 76 - An optimistic model for water use in the Adelaide metropolitan area for an average year assuming a 30% reduction in aggregate water use from 176 GL per year to 123 GL.
Figure 77 - Relative risk rating (RRR) for Australian postcode regions.
Figure 78 - Water quality in the Port Jackson catchment, 1998-99.
Figure 79 - Composition of gross pollutants by mass in Coburg, Melbourne, for a compilation of storm events, 1996.
Figure 80 - Solid waste disposal in Australia.
Figure 81 - Top 10 municipal waste disposers in the OECD.
Figure 82 - Dry bio-solids collected by Sydney Water Corporation and portion beneficially used, 1992-1998.
Figure 83 - Generation of solid and hazardous wastes in Victoria.
Figure 84 - Prescribed solid wastes in Victoria.
Figure 85 - Solid waste disposal rates (tonnes/person/year).
Figure 86 - Per capita waste recovery and recycling rates in the ACT and Victoria.
Figure 87 - Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, Australia.
Figure 88 - Effect of urban form on population exposure to photochemical smog in Melbourne on an adverse day; base case (1990) and five archetypal urban development scenarios for 2011.
Figure 89 - The shift from centralised to distributed energy systems.

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