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8 Biodiversity

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Contents

• Key findings
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 The importance of biodiversity
    • 1.1.1 Global importance
    • 1.1.2 National importance
  • 1.2 Assessing and interpreting changes in biodiversity
  • 1.3 In this chapter
• 2 State and trends of biodiversity
  • 2.1 Availability of information
  • 2.2 Genetic and species diversity
  • 2.3 Terrestrial ecosystems and communities
    • 2.3.1 Reporting by jurisdictions
    • 2.3.2 Extent of vegetation communities
    • 2.3.3 Quality of habitat
    • 2.3.4 Capacity to meet human needs or resource demands
  • 2.4 Plant and animal species
    • 2.4.1 Threatened species lists
    • 2.4.2 Plant species
    • 2.4.3 Fungi and other nonplant, nonanimal species
    • 2.4.4 Animal species overall
    • 2.4.5 Mammals
    • 2.4.6 Birds
    • 2.4.7 Freshwater fish
    • 2.4.8 Reptiles and amphibians
    • 2.4.9 Invertebrates
  • 2.5 Aquatic species and ecosystems
  • 2.6 Marine species and ecosystems
  • 2.7 Assessing the state and trends of biodiversity
    • Assessment summary 8.1—state and trends of biodiversity
• 3 Pressures affecting biodiversity
  • 3.1 Drivers versus pressures
  • 3.2 Availability of information
  • 3.3 Spatial distribution of pressures
  • 3.4 Local climate
  • 3.5 Pollution
  • 3.6 Consumption and extraction of natural resources
    • 3.6.1 Harvesting of species
    • 3.6.2 Pressures related to population size and lifestyles
    • 3.6.3 Consumption of water
  • 3.7 Clearing and fragmentation of native ecosystems
    • 3.7.1 Land clearing
    • 3.7.2 Urban development
    • 3.7.3 Extractive industries
  • 3.8 Pressures from livestock production
  • 3.9 Invasive species and pathogens
    • 3.9.1 Weeds
    • 3.9.2 Invasive fungi
    • 3.9.3 Invasive animals
    • 3.9.4 Invasive species affecting inland aquatic environments
    • 3.9.5 Marine invasive species
    • 3.9.6 Jurisdictional reporting on invasive species and pathogens
  • 3.10 Altered fire regimes
  • 3.11 Changed hydrology
  • 3.12 Pressures on marine ecosystems
  • 3.13 Interactions among pressures
    • Assessment summary 8.2—pressures affecting biodiversity
• 4 Effectiveness of biodiversity management
  • 4.1 Management context
    • 4.1.1 Adequacy of information and understanding
    • 4.1.2 Planning
  • 4.2 Management capacity
  • 4.3 Management achievements
  • 4.4 Examples of key responses
    • 4.4.1 The National Reserve System
    • 4.4.2 Conservation outside reserves
    • 4.4.3 Invasive species and pathogens
  • 4.5 Assessing the effectiveness of biodiversity management
    • Assessment summary 8.3—effectiveness of biodiversity management
• 5 Resilience of biodiversity
  • 5.1 Evidence of past resilience
  • 5.2 Preparedness for known or anticipated future pressures
  • 5.3 Factors affecting potential capacity to deal with surprises
• 6 Future risks to biodiversity
  • 6.1 Escalation of existing pressures
  • 6.2 Escalating interactions among existing pressures
  • 6.3 Emerging risks
    • Assessment summary 8.4—current and emerging risks to biodiversity
• 7 Outlook for biodiversity
  • 7.1 A pessimistic outlook
  • 7.2 An optimistic outlook
• References

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