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• SoE 2011
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11 Coasts

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Contents

• Key findings
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Coastal features and issues
  • 1.2 In this chapter
• 2 Major issues for coastal environments
  • 2.1 Atmosphere (including climate change)
    • 2.1.1 Air quality
    • 2.1.2 Climate change and variability
    • 2.1.3 Responses
  • 2.2 Inland water flows and use
    • 2.2.1 Coastal river and estuary pollution
    • 2.2.2 Desalination
    • 2.2.3 Seawater intrusion
    • 2.2.4 Impacts of water abstraction on flora and fauna
    • 2.2.5 Responses
  • 2.3 Coastal land
    • 2.3.1 Major trends
    • 2.3.2 Factors affecting coastal land-use change
    • 2.3.3 Acid sulfate soils
    • 2.3.4 Changes in native vegetation and habitat
    • 2.3.5 Invasive species
  • 2.4 Coastal marine waters
    • 2.4.1 Fishing and aquaculture
    • 2.4.2 Impacts of rising sea temperatures
    • 2.4.3 Invasive species
  • 2.5 Biodiversity
    • 2.5.1 Threatened species
    • 2.5.2 Concerns from previous state of the environment reports
    • 2.5.3 Impacts of climate change
  • 2.6 Coastal heritage
    • 2.6.1 The nature of coastal heritage
    • 2.6.2 Pressures
    • 2.6.3 Risks and responses
  • 2.7 Population growth and urban development
    • 2.7.1 Population growth
    • 2.7.2 Coastal population growth
    • 2.7.3 Environmental impacts
    • 2.7.4 Tourism and recreation
• 3 Governance of the coast
  • 3.1 Assessment by previous state of the environment reports
  • 3.2 Emergence of the governance debate
  • 3.3 Recent developments
• 4 Risks and resilience of coastal communities and environments
  • 4.1 General risks to our coasts
  • 4.2 Future risks associated with climate change
  • 4.3 Sea level rise
  • 4.4 Resilience and adaptive capacity
  • 4.5 Hopeful signs
• 5 Outlook for coasts
  • 5.1 Undesirable futures
  • 5.2 Desirable futures
• References

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