Water for the Future

Publications

National Report for Australia - Sixth Meeting of the Conference of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention, Iran, 1971)

Brisbane, Australia, 19-27 March 1996

Introduction

This Report was prepared by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency from reports prepared by each of the State and Territory Governments, and following comments from the Australian delegation to the 1996 Conference of Contracting Parties. Where comments from non-government representatives on the Delegation could not be reconciled with those of a particular Government agency, (whether Commonwealth, State or Territory), these are included as Appendix One and cross referenced within the body of the report. This practice has been adopted in the interests of submitting a report which reflects both government and non-government views.

1. Basic information on measures taken by contracting parties

1.1 Administrative Authority

In Australia, primary responsibility for nature conservation, land and water management including legislation, management of wetlands and conservation of associated flora and fauna, is vested with the Australian Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) provides a forum for the discussion and formulation of coordinated programs throughout Australia and New Zealand.

A working group of ANZECC, comprising officers from each Australian State and Territory ANZECC agency has been established to advise on the implementation of the Ramsar Convention in Australia. With New Zealand's involvement in ANZECC, the opportunity exists through the working group for enhanced regional cooperation on Ramsar issues. The Australian Nature Conservation Agency (ANCA), which is the principal adviser to the Australian Commonwealth Government on nature conservation, provides the Convenor for the working group and coordinates the implementation of the Ramsar Convention in Australia including the forwarding of Australian nominations to the List and the preparation of the Australian National Report. Further details on these issues are available from:

Wetlands, Waterways and Migratory Waterbird Unit
Australian Nature Conservation Agency
GPO Box 787
CANBERRA ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA

Phone: +61 6 2500 385
Facsimile: +61 6 2500 384
eMAIL: bphillips@anca.gov.au

1.2 Wetlands Designated by Australia to the List of Wetlands of International Importance since December 1992

Through the ANZECC Wetlands Network, ANCA has been encouraging State and Territory Governments to consider nominating additional Ramsar sites, particularly suitable examples of wetland types not well represented in Australia's existing Ramsar wetlands.

Since the 5th Conference of Parties in 1993, the sites listed in the following table have been added to the List of Wetlands of International Importance, bringing the total number of Australian sites to 49. Also, the Listed Area of Kakadu Stage 1 has been increased by the addition of 16 000 hectares of upper floodplain and river contained within Stage 3 of the National Park. These additions bring the total coverage of Listed Sites in Australia to 5 011 405 hectares.

Note that the nomination of sites 46 to 49 and the extension to Kakadu Stage 1 have been approved only very recently by the respective management authorities, and the formal nominating documents are being sent to the Ramsar Bureau as soon as possible.

Year Site no. Name Location Area (ha)
1993 41 Moreton Bay, QLD 27o 20' S, 153o 10' E 113 314
1993 42 Bowling Green Bay, QLD 19o27' S, 147o15' E 35 500
1996 43 Currawinya Lakes, QLD 28o 45' S 144o 19' E 151 300
1996 44 Shoalwater and Corio Bays, QLD 22o 16 S, 150o 09' E 239 100
1996 45 Ginini Flats, ACT 35o 31' S, 148o 46' E 125
1996 46* Pulu Keeling, C'wlth Territory 122
1996 47* Little Llangothlin Nature Reserve, NSW 258
1996 48* Blue Lake, NSW 25
1996 49* Lake Pinaroo, NSW 800
1996 2 Kakadu Stage 1 (addition to existing Listed Site) 16 000
TOTAL OF
NEW LISTED AREA		 556 544

*Note: These sites have only very recently been approved by their respective management authorities, and formal nominating documents will be forwarded to the Ramsar Bureau as soon as possible.

1.3 Contributions to the Ramsar Budget

Australia's contribution for the 1994-1996 triennium, as determined by the Fifth Meeting of the Conference of Contracting Parties in Kushiro has been SFr 36 713 per annum.

In addition, the Australian Government through ANCA has provided funds to the Ramsar Convention Bureau to support the hosting of the 1996 Conference of the Contracting Parties in Brisbane, Australia, and to assist the attendance at the Conference of delegates from the Asia-Pacific Region.

ANCA has also provided funds to various regional projects of relevance to the Convention; the details of which are provided below (section 4.3).

2. Further information on wetlands designated for the list of wetlands of international importance

Note that a summary of Australia's Ramsar-listed Wetlands is given in Appendix 2.

2.1 Wetlands Deleted from the List of Wetlands of International Importance

In the past triennium, no Australian wetland has been deleted from the List, nor have the boundaries of any listed wetland been restricted.

2.2 Changes in Legal Status or Degree of Protection of Listed Wetlands

Queensland

Moreton Bay Marine Park in Queensland was declared in February 1993, prior to Ramsar listing. Most of the Moreton Bay Ramsar site occurs within the Marine Park. The remainder of the Ramsar site consists of land or wetlands in National Parks, Conservation Parks or Local Government reserves. The Marine Park is administered under the general regulations of the Marine Parks Act 1982, and the Moreton Bay Strategic Plan. The State controlled areas above Highest Astronomical Tide are administered under the Nature Conservation Act 1992. There has been no change in legal status since the site was listed, though when the Moreton Bay Zoning Plan is approved there will be a change in the legal status of the management of the area (see 5.2).

The Bowling Green Bay Ramsar site is included within the Bowling Green Bay National Park. Greater status/significance was afforded by the Ramsar listing, but not greater protection, as National Parks in Queensland have the highest degree of statutory protection possible for the State. Concurrent with the development of the Ramsar Management Plan for this site is its nomination as an International Agreement Area under the Nature Conservation Act 1992. This will give legal recognition to it's importance as a Ramsar site.

South Australia

In 1995, the Bookmark Biosphere Reserve was registered under the UN Man and the Biosphere Program. The Reserve includes the majority of the Riverland Ramsar site. Most areas of the floodplain now have reserve status, following the declaration of the Chowilla Game Reserve and the Murray River National Park. In addition, several forest reserves are included in the Biosphere Reserve.

Tasmania

In February 1995 State Government approved the reservation of three important areas of the Pittwater - Orielton Ramsar site. The head waters of the estuary, Barilla Bay, and Orielton Lagoon, now form the Pittwater Nature Reserve. This reserve covers 772 ha of coastal saltmarsh and tidal mudflats and gives security to the most important areas of the site. State Parliament is expected to approve the reservation when it resumes for the next session and the reserve will then be gazetted. A further 1400 ha is scheduled for reservation as a Conservation Area in early 1996.

Western Australia

There have been no changes in the legal tenure, reserve purpose or reserve vestings of Ramsar sites in Western Australia since December 1992.

A 7.4 hectare reserve adjoining the Lake Warden System Ramsar site near Esperance has undergone a change in designation from "pole storage" to Nature Reserve, with vesting in the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority. This will provide controlled access to the Lake Warden Nature Reserve and legal protection to a small remnant wetland within the reserve.

The Ministry for Planning has recently purchased approximately 150 ha of land, including wetland, on the western boundary of the Forrestdale Ramsar site. This will be added to the Lake Forrestdale Nature Reserve.

Subdivision of a rural property on the western shore of the Wonnerup Estuary has led to 29 hectares of the Vasse-Wonnerup floodplain being designated for future gazettal as Nature Reserve vested in the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority (refer comment 2.2a in Appendix 1).

In December 1992, the Forrestdale & Thomsons, Peel-Yalgorup and Vasse-Wonnerup Ramsar sites were afforded additional protection by the gazettal of an Environmental Protection Policy (EPP) covering approx 1100 specified lakes on the Swan Coastal Plain from the Moore River to Dunsborough. This EPP prohibits unauthorised filling, mining, drainage and discharge of industrial effluent into the registered lakes, which also include a number of wetlands listed in A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (ANCA 1993). The EPP has proved to be useful in bringing to the attention of responsible authorities, both State and Local, the need for assessment of wetland values and functions where developments are proposed. The policy has also influenced State and Local strategic planning processes to the benefit of wetlands and has provided a mechanism for ensuring that proposals that may impact on registered lakes are referred to the WA Environmental Protection Authority for assessment (refer comment 2.2b in Appendix 1).

The WA Environmental Protection Authority is currently preparing a set of environmental criteria which would provide a basis for managing new land uses and changes to certain existing land uses on private land within the catchment of Lake Clifton (Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site). It is expected that these criteria would form the basis of a joint Environmental Protection Authority and Western Australian Planning Commission policy which would ensure that land uses in the catchment would not lead to a deterioration in the environmental values of Lake Clifton. Lake Clifton contains the largest known example of living "stromatolites" (thrombolites) in a lake environment in the southern hemisphere and is also an important waterbird habitat (refer comment 2.2c in Appendix 1).

The Lake Toolibin and Lake Warden Ramsar sites will be afforded additional protection by a proposed environmental protection policy for wetlands of south western Australia. In December 1993, the WA Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) released for an 8 month public comment period a draft Environmental Protection Policy (EPP) covering "lakes and swamps" of the south west agricultural zone, excluding the Swan Coastal Plain (a separate EPP covers this area). In June 1995, the EPA referred a revised draft of the EPP to the Minister for Environment for further consultation with affected parties. The revised draft "South West Wetlands Policy" proposes the establishment of three wetland management categories: Conservation (wetlands that have very high or special conservation values), Resource Enhancement (degraded but significant nature conservation values) and Multiple Use (severely degraded and negligible nature conservation value). The draft policy proposes to protect Conservation Category wetlands on private land and all wetlands on public land from unauthorised filling, mining, clearing or disturbance of fringing, emergent or associated upland vegetation, discharge of industrial effluent and construction of harmful drainage works in their surface water catchments. Wetlands on private land can only be registered on a voluntary basis, either for Conservation or for Resource Enhancement. Wetlands covered by the draft policy include the Lake Toolibin and Warden System Ramsar sites and all wetlands in the policy area that are included in A Directory of Important Wetlands of Australia (ANCA 1993).

The draft "South West Agricultural Zone Wetlands Policy" also proposes the preparation of State Government inter-agency partnership agreements to prioritise and coordinate wetland and associated land conservation activity across south-western Australia. This would involve inter alia preparation and promotion of best management procedures for wetlands and associated land and "head powers" for the preparation of priority catchment plans. These plans would be prepared under the Environmental Protection Act and would include delineation of wetland surface water catchments, identification of environmental objectives and best management practices for land within those catchments, and prescription of specifications and conditions for any freshwater drainage earthworks constructed within wetland catchments. The plans would be prepared in close consultation with wetland and catchment landowners, land conservation groups and government agencies. It is anticipated that attention would initially be focussed on highest conservation value wetlands such as Ramsar and Wetlands Directory sites. In the longer term, the WA EPA will be seeking to prepare an environmental strategy or protection policy for the protection of high value wetlands in the remainder of Western Australia (refer comment 2.2d in Appendix 1).

Western Australia's 12,500 km coastline encompasses a rich diversity of marine environments from ancient river deltas to mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass meadows, intertidal flats, sandy beaches and cliffs. As well as the outstanding natural values of these areas, parts of the coast are also rich in natural resources such as petroleum, minerals and fish. In July 1994, the Government of Western Australia released the State's first comprehensive strategy for conserving this marine environment. The key elements are the establishment of a Marine Parks Authority in which marine conservation reserves will be vested; a tiered approach to marine conservation reserve categories; access guidelines for petroleum explorers and developers in marine conservation reserves; a ban on drilling for petroleum in Ningaloo Marine Park, and the release of a report, A Representative Marine Reserve System for Western Australia, which recommends a comprehensive marine reserve system for Western Australia and identifies candidate areas for consideration. Before additional marine conservation reserves are created, biological, mineral and petroleum resource assessments are to be carried out for the sites in question, under a time frame agreed between the Ministers for the Environment and Mines. Approval of both Houses of State Parliament will also be required. Proposed conservation reserves include marine components of the Ord River Floodplain and Roebuck Bay Ramsar sites and small areas within Peel Inlet in the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site.

2.3 Ecological Changes to Listed Wetlands

Commonwealth

Kakadu National Park, Stage 1 & 2

Control of the aquatic weed Salvinia molesta continues to be a priority at Kakadu. The high rainfall during the 1994-95 wet season had significant management implications, with dense mats of Salvinia and other vegetation being flushed out of many billabongs, thereby opening up water channels and spreading the weed to the South Alligator River floodplain. A three year research program into the control of Salvinia indicated that the biological control agent (a weevil) on the weed can be expected to work effectively. Park staff regularly monitor Salvinia infestations and the effectiveness of the biological control agent. A further weed threat within Kakadu is the invasive alien plant Para grass, Brachiara mutica. This plant is also included in the Park's weed management program.

The impact of feral buffalo, cattle and pigs on habitats in the Park is of concern. A joint program between ANCA and the Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries to eradicate feral buffalo and cattle from the Park is underway. It is estimated that fewer than eighty feral cattle and buffalo remain. Commercial removal of feral pigs has been trialed. A pig damage assessment program was commenced in 1995-96 to provide quantifiable information on the nature and extent of damage caused by pigs to various Park habitats, including wetlands.

Like other freshwater floodplains along the coastline of northern Australia, Kakadu's floodplains are in danger of saltwater intrusion as a result of the rising sea level associated with global warming.

New South Wales (NSW)

Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve

The total area of the Macquarie Marshes, under average flood conditions, is approximately 200 000 hectares. However it is only the 18 143 hectare Nature Reserve at the southern end of the Marshes which is Ramsar-listed. Recent research has shown that flooding of the Macquarie Marshes has decreased over the last fifty years, largely as a result of increased demands for water from the local irrigation industry.

While the Marshes continue to provide important habitat for waterbirds and other wildlife, including breeding colonies of ibis and egrets, there is concern that these values have been reduced. The capacity of the Marshes to continue to support a large number of waterbirds and other flora and fauna will depend on the extent to which a natural hydrologic regime can be restored to the site .

In response to these issues, the NSW Government recently undertook a revision of the 1986 Water Management Plan for the Marshes. This revision, which was finalised early in 1996, included a provision for emergency flows in the area and a guarantee of flooding at agreed levels over a ten year cycle. Monitoring will continue to establish if the proposed flow regime is adequate to ensure maintenance of the ecological character of this site.

In addition, groundwater research has led to improved water management practices to alleviate salinity and waterlogging effects on wetland vegetation and important habitat areas (refer comment 2.3a in Appendix 1).

Kooragang Island Nature Reserve

The nature reserve was created in 1983 primarily to conserve the wintering habitat of migratory waders. It has a total area of 2926 hectares which includes part of Kooragang Island, the subtidal and intertidal waters of Fullerton Cove, and fringing mangroves. The reserve lies in the estuary of the Hunter River within the industrial city of Newcastle.

At Fullerton Cove, in the north of the nature reserve, the wetlands adjoin former agricultural land where levees were constructed to reduce flooding, to exclude tidal waters and to convert saltmarsh into pasture. The majority of the affected agricultural lands have now been added to the nature reserve or are zoned to hold floodwaters. They may now be managed to rehabilitate former wetlands and improve waterfowl and wading bird habitat.

The vegetation communities of the nature reserve have been degraded by weeds including alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) and bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera). The draft plan of management provides for weeds to be controlled by physical and biological methods where ever possible. An infestation of spiky sedge (Juncus acuta) has already been successfully removed. Co-operative weed control programs with neighbours are planned.

The Hunter Catchment Management Trust manages wetlands adjacent to the nature reserve and has established the Kooragang Wetland Rehabilitation Project. The NPWS is represented on a steering committee for the project, which also includes local government and community representatives. The wetlands will become increasingly valuable habitat that will be managed in sympathy with the Ramsar-listed area.

Towra Point

Towra Point is largely a sand spit, and is subject to change from wave motion in Botany Bay. Currently, sand appears to be accreting in a westerly direction, with some erosion occurring along the coastal perimeter of the reserve. Accreting sand had formed a sand spit, and this has now been breached to form Towra Spit Island.

The sand spit, island and adjacent waters have recently been surveyed and are being added to the nature reserve. This area, together with other recent additions to the nature reserve, will be recommended for addition to the Ramsar-listed area.

The island will be managed as a little tern breeding site and as a site for feeding and roosting for waders and other migratory birds. The island will provide a more secure little tern nesting area than mainland sites that may be predated by foxes and cats. A little tern colony, displaced from the northern shores of Botany Bay by airport construction, has been successfully relocated to the island. The high number of little terns fledged in Botany Bay over the last three years has been unprecedented. Based on breeding productivity, Towra Point is now the most significant breeding site for little terns on the Australian east coast (refer comment 2.3b in Appendix 1).

Queensland

Moreton Bay

Some reduction in the area of seagrass beds and some losses in mangroves are occurring within the Ramsar site. It is suspected that continued reduction in water quality has contributed to the loss of seagrass, and this is being monitored by staff of the Queensland Department of Environment (DoE). Seasonal fluctuations also play their part and the contribution of this to ecological change in Queensland wetland ecosystems is not yet well understood or documented. A recent DoE report documented significant catchment and water quality problems for Pumicestone Passage. An integrated management strategy for Pumicestone Passage, its catchment, and Bribie Island was implemented in 1993 and is addressing these concerns.

Because of its proximity to the fastest growing population centre in Australia there is potential for adverse ecological change to occur at the Moreton Bay Ramsar site. In an effort to understand and mitigate the effects of urbanisation, DoE has increased its levels of staff for monitoring and management across the site.

Government initiatives proposed in June 1995 to improve water quality include a subsidy to Brisbane City Council to upgrade sewage treatment and additional monitoring and enforcement activity. A fish management plan for Moreton Bay is also to be developed. Boondall Wetlands, within the Bay, has a significant cooperative site management initiative involving the community and government. Another site, Coombabah Lake, has recently formed a Catchment Management Committee. (refer comment 2.3c in Appendix 1).

South Australia

The Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert

Of particular concern is the proposal to drain excess surface and subsurface water from the South East region into The Coorong. The recent Environment Impact Statement has recommended a limit of 40,000ML/year (as a rolling 10 year average) of drainage water entering the southern end of The Coorong. This limit was selected to ensure that the current ecological and hydrological character of The Coorong would not be changed. Further investigation is planned to assess the possible impacts of drainage inflows, once the final proposal is determined and the detail of the potential impacts is known. The immediate priority is to establish a monitoring baseline for The Coorong system to assess management requirements and impacts if drainage inflows occur.

Coongie Lakes

Wetlands which were inundated in the flood flows of 1990 have gradually dried out. Apart from the permanent waterholes in Cooper Creek and the semi-permanent Coongie Lakes, receding waters are becoming increasingly saline as part of the natural drying cycles in this episodic river and ephemeral wetland system. Lack of river flows from Queensland during the severe drought conditions in eastern Australia allowed the Coongie Lakes to dry out for three months in 1994. However, local rains in January and flood flows in February watered the floodouts and filled the Coongie Lakes system. The wetland is now in a wet phase.

The pastoral lease containing the Coongie Lakes was destocked of cattle between 1984 and 1989 as part of a disease control program. The Lakes area was restocked in 1990 to 1993, destocked in 1994 and restocked in 1995. The area is currently stocked with cattle.

Commercial fishing for callop on Lake Hope ceased in 1994, and the Lake has since reverted to its more usual saline character. This has been accompanied by a major die-off of the fish population which had developed during the period of inundation since 1990. The recent floods have not penetrated the river system far enough to reach Lake Hope.

Late in 1995, a proposal was made to establish a cotton growing enterprise in the upper catchment of the Cooper Creek (in Queensland). This proposal has potential to divert significant quantities of water away from Coongie Lakes, and is undergoing assessment by the Queensland Government.

Tasmania

Pittwater - Orielton Lagoon

As a result of investigations into eutrophication problems in the Lagoon, a successful remediation program was commenced in 1994. The culverts under the causeway that separates Orielton Lagoon from the rest of the Pittwater estuary were substantially enlarged to improve the flow of water into and out of the lagoon. The greatly improved tidal flushing has reduced the nutrient level and prevented an algal bloom this past summer. Work has also begun on a three year project to divert the output from a sewage treatment plant that empties into the lagoon. When the scheme is completed, the bulk of the effluent will be diverted for on land disposal as irrigation water.

A proposal exists to minimise water discharge into the Coal River at Craigbourne Dam, and has potential to impact on the Lagoon.

Lake Crescent

European carp, a pest species, were discovered in Lake Crescent in the summer of 1994/95. It is feared that these fish will have a detrimental effect on the vegetation in the marshes fringing the lake. Depending on the extent of the spread of the fish, it may be possible to eradicate them, but failing that, they will be managed to keep their numbers low. It is too early yet to tell what effect the eradication and/or management will have on the site.

Victoria

Lake Corangamite

Lake Corangamite, part of the Western District Lakes Ramsar site, is the largest permanent inland lake in Australia. In the period 1951 to 1956 high rainfall caused the level of Lake Corangamite and other nearby lakes to rise substantially and inundate thousands of hectares of freehold land. In 1959 after two State parliamentary enquiries, the Rural Water Commission constructed the Woady Yaloak Diversion Scheme to relieve flooding around Lake Corangamite. This was achieved by diverting about 50% of the water that would naturally flow into the Lake. Since that time the Scheme has been effective in reducing water levels in the Lake which has made large areas of freehold land available for grazing with a reduced risk of inundation. Reduced inflows into the Lake have, however, led to increasingly high salinity levels (111 600 Ec in 1991). Lake Corangamite, as part of the system of Western District Lakes, was nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

Situation 1993 - 95

Above average rainfall and additional water inflow resulting from the temporary shut down of the Woady Yaloak Diversion Scheme in 1993 and 1994 resulted in an increase of Lake levels and a lowering of salinity levels. Presently water salinity approaches pre-disturbance levels (39 800 Ec in 1993 as compared to 36 600 Ec in 1960), but will only remain so if the operation of the Diversion is changed. Algal blooms occurred in the Lake 1993, 1994 and 1995.

A working group titled The Barwon Moorabool Corangamite Catchments Waterway Management Consultative Action Team has considered the future administration arrangements within these catchments including who should administer the Woady Yaloak Diversion Scheme. The team reported to the State Government at the end of 1995, and recommended that a new waterway management authority be established. There is, however, no current proposal to vary the Scheme's current operating guidelines. GSRWC has been informed by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) of Australia's obligations to manage Lake Corangamite in recognition of its listing under the Ramsar Convention.

A management strategy for the Western District Lakes Ramsar site will be completed in 1996. The aim of the strategy is to review the current management of the site and update the management actions required to manage these wetlands including Lake Corangamite, to protect their Ramsar values (refer comment 2.3d in Appendix 1).

Kerang Wetlands (Lake Tutchewop)

Lake Tutchewop is part of the Kerang Lakes Ramsar site. In 1968 the Barr Creek - Lake Tutchewop diversion was constructed to reduce saline water entering the Murray River. Since that time Lake Tutchewop has been managed as an evaporative basin receiving up to 41 000 tonnes of salt annually. The Lake, as part of the system of Kerang Lakes, was nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

Situation 1993 - 95

Lake Tuchewop is now part of the mid-Murray river salinity interception scheme managed by Goulburn-Murray Water (GMW) in accordance with Murray-Darling Basin Salinity and Drainage Strategy. Salinity levels in Lake Tuchewop during 1994 averaged around 91 000Ec and in July 1995 were estimated to be up to 125 000Ec. Grazing licences around the lake edge have now been discontinued and DCNR has funded the construction of boundary fencing to protect the lake edge.

Sinclair Knight Mertz (formerly Hydrotechnology) has been commissioned by GMW to undertake a study of the Lake and the surrounding area to make recommendations for the long term management of Lake Tutchewop as an evaporative basin. The Kerang Lakes Area Working Group (KLAWG) have made a number of recommendations to enhance the lake's conservation values including the lowering of salinity levels to 25 000Ec. GMW and Sinclair Knight Mertz are aware of the KLAWG recommendations, the Ramsar status of the Lake, and Australia's obligations under the Convention. The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources will provided input into this study to maximise the quality of the wetland habitat provided by the Lake and protect its Ramsar values as far as possible.

Lake Tutchewop continues to provides habitat diversity within the Kerang Lakes wetland system. A management strategy for the Kerang Lakes Ramsar site will be completed in 1996. The aim of the Strategy is to review the current management of the site and update the management actions required to manage these wetlands including Lake Tutchewop, to protect their Ramsar values.

Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula
1. Point Wilson and Point Lillias

As part of the Port Phillip Bay site, Point Wilson and Point Lillias were nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982. Since 1958 the Commonwealth Government has managed 320 hectares of land at Point Wilson as an explosives port and ordnance storage facility for government and commercial interests.

Situation 1993 - 95

In 1994 the Commonwealth and Victorian Governments agreed to the development of Defence's East Coast Armaments Complex (ECAC) at Point Wilson, pending the successful conclusion of a formal environmental impact assessment. Concurrently, the Victorian Government announced plans to relocate the Coode Island chemical storage facility to Point Lillias following an Environmental Effects Statement (EES).

A Commonwealth Commission of Inquiry into the East Coast Armaments Complex was commenced in 1994 under the auspices of the Commonwealth's Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974. The Inquiry's final report was lodged with the Commonwealth Government in January 1996, and recommended that the construction and operation of the ECAC proceed, subject to the implementation of various modifications which will minimise any impact on the site, and to a comprehensive monitoring program.

The Inquiry involved detailed investigation of the potential environmental impacts of the development, including its possible impacts on Australia's obligations under the Ramsar Convention. Numerous Public Sessions were held and submissions received from interested community and government organisations. The Australian Nature Conservation Agency and the Victorian Department of Conservation and Natural Resources have made submissions to the Inquiry, and given expert advice, as have several members of non-government organisations.

The Department of Defence has developed comprehensive environmental management plans for the construction and operation of ECAC, which incorporate strict management guidelines for all of the wetlands occurring within the ECAC precinct.

In 1994 the Point Lillias Project Unit (PLPU) was established by the State Government to oversee the possible development of the site. The PLPU recommended that:; "... the Victorian and Commonwealth Governments review the boundaries and qualities of the Ramsar listed areas and other significant environments between Point Lillias and Kirk Point in order to clarify the boundaries and to protect additional valuable areas through listing. Priority should be given to carrying out investigations to determine the necessary size of protective zones around environmentally sensitive areas."

In this respect, a workshop of technical experts was convened by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency late in 1995 and made recommendations to both the Commonwealth and Victorian Governments concerning the need to revise the existing Ramsar boundaries for the Port Phillip Bay Ramsar site in the vicinity of Point Wilson to better reflect the values of areas currently unlisted, and of some non-wetland areas included in the original site listing apparently by mistake. The Victorian Government is considering a review of the boundaries in the light of the workshop and other information, and will make recommendations to the Commonwealth Government in due course.

The EES for the Point Lillias development is scheduled for release by the Victorian Government in mid- 1996.

2. Lake Borrie and the adjacent coastline

Lake Borrie is managed by the Melbourne Water Corporation (MWC) as part of its Western Treatment Plant. The Lake comprises part of a series of artificial lagoons on the site of a former complex of natural wetland and dryland habitats. Lake Borrie is a treatment system in its own right and also provides for the re-treatment of run-off from land filtration and overland flow water treatment operations and wet weather treatment flows. The Lake has in the past been a critical part of the treatment systems west of the Western Treatment Plant.

Lake Borrie is the most important part of the wetland habitat provided by the Treatment Plant. The major ponds in the Lake Borrie treatment system are large, irregular in shape and relatively shallow and as such provide ideal waterbird habitat.

The coastline adjacent to Lake Borrie including the mouth of Little River is also part of the Ramsar site. Treated waste water is discharged from the treatment complex into Port Phillip Bay adjacent to Lake Borrie. Eight species of migratory waders utilise this segment of coast, and it appears that the elevated nutrient status of the waters in the area make it a particularly productive feeding area for these birds. The Western Treatment Plant including Lake Borrie and the adjacent coastline were, as part of the West Port Phillip Bay site, nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

Situation 1993 - 95

The Victorian Environment Protection Authority have proposed changes to the licence conditions for the discharge of waste water from the Western Treatment Plant into Port Phillip Bay. The amended licence conditions specify discharge standards consistent with the State Environment Protection Policy but which are higher than those for the current operation of the Plant. The implications of these changed licence conditions on the operation of the Lake is currently subject to an investigation by MWC. The investigation aims to establish the operational options for the system, the potential environmental impacts of changes to the current operation of the system and the implications for the maintenance of the site's Ramsar values.

Barmah Forest

The Barmah Forest has been grazed by livestock since 1840, and since 1885 grazing has been restricted to cattle. Grazing is currently permitted in the forest by DCNR and is managed under both agistment permits and annual grazing licences. The Barmah State Park and Barmah State Forest Management Plan prepared by DCNR in 1992 sets prescriptions for grazing within the forest. The Plan recommends the exclusion of grazing from some sites and a review of the area and conditions of certain grazing licences.

The impacts of grazing on the forest have identified in the Management Plan as an area requiring investigation. On the basis of the outcomes of this research, the Plan recommends a review of the conditions required to manage grazing in the forest and protect wetlands from any adverse impacts.

Extensive logging has been carried out in Barmah Forest since the 1860s. It is estimated that 2.5 million cubic metres of River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) has been harvested since that time. The Management Plan sets prescriptions for the continuation of timber harvesting from the forest "to provide a sustainable supply of timber products to the community". The annual sustainable timber harvesting volume from the forest was set at approximately 3960 cubic metres for sawlogs and 14 000 sleepers (2000 cubic metres). The timber harvesting prescriptions set by the Management Plan aim to protect native plant and animal species within the State Park and minimise the effects of logging on significant plant and animal species, cultural, recreation and landscape values over the whole of the forest. The Plan also supports research into the effects of timber harvesting on native flora and fauna.

Upstream regulation of the Murray River over several decades has changed the amount and timing of water flowing in the Murray and hence into the forest. Water from heavy winter and spring river flows is stored upstream and released during spring, summer and autumn for downstream irrigation and water supply. As a result the forest is receiving less water in winter and spring and the extent and frequency of flooding in the forest has been reduced. These changes are having major impacts on the forest wetlands and the wildlife dependant on them (DCE 1992). The maintenance of the ecological values of Barmah Forest is dependent on a return to a more natural water regime.

Barmah Forest was nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

Situation 1993 - 95

A study on the impact of cattle grazing in the forest was completed as an Honours project in 1994 using exclusion plots established by DCNR. Data collection will continue until early 1996, at which time a report will be prepared. In the State Park component of the forest, the annual harvest of sawlogs has been reduced from 530 cubic metres to 370 cubic metres.

In August 1993 a Murray-Darling Basin Commission joint Ministerial Agreement agreed to a 50 GL environmental water allocation to the Barmah Forest. The management of this allocation is still to be determined and is currently the subject of negotiations by the Annual Forum (comprising community and Government representatives). The actions required to implement a return to a more natural flood regime are detailed in the Interim Water Management Strategy (IWMS) for Barmah Forest produced by DCNR in 1993. Implementation of the Strategy has commenced. On-ground works completed to date include the opening of tertiary effluent streams in parts of the forest and the installation of a water control structure at Goose Swamp to improve water management. Further works are proposed to aid the improved winter flooding of the forest and direct unwanted summer flows to less sensitive locations.

The IWMS for Barmah Forest is currently under review by DCNR to take account of the latest ecological information. The revised IWMS will in turn be incorporated into the proposed Barmah - Millewa Watering Strategy, which is a cooperative project of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission and involving DCNR, the Department of Land and Water Conservation (NSW) and the NSW Forest Service.

The Barmah Ramsar site is included in land currently subject to a Native Title claim by the Yorta Yorta people.

Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes

The Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes are part of the Hattah Kulkyne National Park. The upstream regulation of the Murray River and its effluent streams and changes to the retention levels of the Hattah Lakes over several decades has resulted in a delay in flood initiation and a reduction in the duration of flooding and frequency of drying of the lakes. The Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes were nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

Situation 1993 - 95

The 1995 draft Mallee Parks Management Plan (DCNR 1995) identifies the actions required to restore, as far as possible, a more natural hydrological regime to the Hattah Lakes system, based on the deregulation of the system. The draft Plan has recently been released for public consultation.

The Mallee Dryland Salinity Management Plan (DCNR 1993) was endorsed by the State Government in 1994 and is currently entering its third year of implementation. With respect to the Hattah Lakes Ramsar site, the Plan predicts that four lakes (including Lake Hattah) could be adversely affected by rising regional groundwater as early as the year 2002. The thrust of the Management Plan is to arrest regional groundwater recharge through the management of recharge sites and protection and restoration of vegetation cover. The Plan includes an environmental monitoring program for the Hattah Lakes site.

Western Port

In 1993 Crib Point, adjoining the Western Port Ramsar site, was the subject of a proposal to re-develop the existing BP oil refinery for use as a Shell-Mobil bulk oil storage terminal. As re-development of the site would increase tanker traffic into Western Port, with a consequent potential increase in the risk of a major oil spill, the Victorian Government required an Oil Spill Prevention and Response Plan to be prepared. The Plan was prepared by the project proponent and released for community comment. The revised Plan was adopted by the Port of Melbourne Authority in October 1994. The Crib Point project is currently on hold (refer comment 2.3e in Appendix 1).

In its 1994 draft land-use review of the Melbourne Study Area District 2 and 1995 Marine and Coastal Special Investigation, the Victorian Land Conservation Council made a number of recommendations to enhance the protection of sites within or abutting the Western Port Ramsar site.

Lake Albacutya

Lake Albacutya is one of a series of terminal lakes on the Wimmera River. Over several decades the increasing demands of the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic Water Supply System on natural river flows has reduced the frequency and extent of natural river flooding reaching the terminal lakes. The reduction in water flows to the lakes has led to a consequent reduction in waterbird habitat and it has been clearly documented that the return flow period for Lake Albacutya is considerably longer than would have been the case under natural pre-regulated flow conditions. The Lake was nominated for listing under the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

Situation 1993 - 95

Water savings made as a result of completing the first stage of a pipe installation program along the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic channel system has enabled a 7500 ML annual environmental water allocation to be made to the Wimmera River in 1993. This water was released to the river as environmental flows in the summers of 1993 and 1994 . Stage two of the project will result in up to an additional 6000 ML being made available for environmental purposes. The amount of water ultimately available to the Wimmera system resulting from saving made through the piping project is subject to negotiation following competing interest in the water from the adjoining catchments.

The draft Mallee Parks Management Plan (DCNR 1995) identifies the securing of environmental water allocations of the order of 20 000 ML and release of this water during periods of high river flow as the key action required to restore, as far as possible, a more natural hydrological regime to the terminal lakes system including Lake Albacutya.

Projected rises in regional groundwater levels within the Wimmera catchment were identified in the 1993 Wimmera Catchment Salinity Management Plan as posing a major threat to the future of Lake Albacutya (and other terminal lakes). The Plan predicts that Lake Albacutya is at a high risk of surface salinisation by the year 2001. The Plan identifies the actions required to mitigate regional water table rises, and to protect environmental features including wetlands within the catchment. The Plan is currently entering its third year of implementation.

Gippsland Lakes (Lake Reeve)

In 1987 an application for the development a major resort, Lochsands International, on 258 hectares adjoining Lake Reeve part of the Gippsland Lakes Ramsar site, was submitted to the Department of Planning and Environment. The application was refused by the Minister for Planning in 1988.

Situation 1993 - 95

In May 1993 the proposal for the development of the Lochsands resort adjoining Lake Reeve was re-submitted to the Department of Planning and Development (DPD) for consideration. In June 1993, the Minister for Planning required that that an Environmental Effects Statement (EES) be prepared. An EES Consultative Committee was established on which DCNR, the Victorian Environment Protection Authority, local government, ratepayers, the Gippsland and East Gippsland Aboriginal Cooperative, the Victorian National Parks Association, Gippsland and Southern Rural Water, the La Trobe Regional Commission and DPD (chair) were represented. Through the Consultative Committee the EES identified a number of measures to protect the environmental values of the site, and in particular the Ramsar values of Lake Reeve. DCNR advised the developers that it would also be available to assist with technical advice on issues related to the environmental management of the site.

In March 1995 the EES and an application for a Planning Scheme Amendment to re-zone the site were exhibited for public comment. A Hearing Panel, established by the Department of Planning and Heritage (formerly the DPD), presented a report to the Victorian Minister for Planning in late September 1995, who subsequently approved the application for the Planning Scheme Amendment in January 1996. The approval requires the proponent to develop detailed plans in consultation with relevant authorities including the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.

Western Australia

Peel-Yalgorup System

The Dawesville Channel was completed in April 1994. This channel is a new opening to the Indian Ocean intended to improve flushing and, as a consequence, reduce eutrophication problems in the Peel-Harvey Estuary (part of the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site). Other predicted ecological impacts include the development of a more marine fish community, changes in shoreline vegetation and altered feeding, roosting and nesting opportunities for waterbirds. An impact monitoring program is being undertaken and will continue for at least five years. Action is also being taken by government agencies, community groups and individual land holders to reduce nutrient discharge from the estuary's catchments (refer comment 2.3f in Appendix 1).

Forrestdale and Thomson's Lakes

Refer comment 2.3g in Appendix 1.

Lake Toolibin

The survival of Lake Toolibin is threatened by salinity associated with a rising regional groundwater table. A substantial commitment is being made by the Commonwealth and Western Australian Governments, industry and the local community to reverse this threat, through a mixture of long and short term measures on the site and in the surrounding catchment.

2.4 Information on the Status of any Wetlands mentioned in Kushiro Rec. C.5.1

No Australian wetlands were mentioned in Kushiro Rec. C.5.1.

2.5 Management Planning for Ramsar Sites and other Wetlands

Commonwealth

Through the National Wetlands Program administered by ANCA, the Commonwealth Government aims to promote the conservation and wise use of wetlands consistent with Australia's obligations under the Ramsar Convention. A focus of the Program is to promote the principles of "wise use" and total catchment management in relation to all wetlands in Australia. At present, ANCA is working cooperatively with the State and Territory Governments towards the development of improved management arrangements for 32 of Australia's 42 Ramsar-listed wetlands.

The Commonwealth Government is pursuing avenues with the State and Territory Governments to more formally set out management responsibilities in relation to Ramsar sites in Australia. One option under consideration is for suitable Ramsar site management plans to be recognised and adopted under Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) between the two spheres of government. The MOU concept would clearly set out roles and responsibilities, and would prompt the development of appropriate management plans for those sites which currently do not have them.

Two significant joint Commonwealth/State Government initiatives with implications for management planning at Ramsar Sites and other wetlands, are:-

Kakadu National Park

The Management Plan for Kakadu National Park (incorporating the Stage 1 and Stage 2 listed sites) expires at the end of 1996. A process to review the operation of that plan is already well advanced, including extensive public consultation at local and national levels. The traditional Aboriginal owners of the Park site will have a major role in review of the program. It is anticipated that the existing high standard of protection of wetland values will be maintained in the new plan.

The management of major weed species continues to be a high priority at Kakadu. A comprehensive weed management strategy was circulated for comment in October 1995 and finalised in December 1995.

Hosnie's Spring, Christmas Island National Park

A revised Plan of Management for the Christmas Island National Park came into operation in early 1995 following a community consultation process. The Plan will operate for five years. In 1994, an education, information and interpretation plan for Christmas Island was prepared. In addition, recovery plans for two bird species endemic to Christmas Island, the Abbott's Booby and Christmas Island Frigate Bird were finalised by the Royal Australasian Ornithological Union during .

Australian Capital Territory

Ginini Flats, within Namadgi National Park, was Ramsar-listed in 1996. The Management Plan for the Park incorporates management guidelines for this wetland, which was listed in A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (1993). All other ACT wetlands identified in the 1993 Directory are also located in Namadgi National Park and have adequate management arrangements in place.

A management plan for the Jerrabomberra Wetlands has been finalised and is being implemented. This site is managed as part of Canberra Nature Park, a management unit of the ACT Parks and Conservation Service. Regular counts of birds are made at fixed points in the wetlands. A Management Plan for the Murrumbidgee River Corridor nature reserves is in preparation and is due for circulation for public comment shortly.

New South Wales

Under the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act, the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) is required to prepare management plans for all areas under its control. The three Ramsar sites in NSW are all within Nature Reserves under management planning processes within the administration of NPWS.

Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve

A plan of management for the nature reserve was adopted in May 1993. The plan recognises the significance of the nature reserve for the conservation of inlands wetland ecosystems and as breeding, feeding and resting habitat for waterfowl. Nine migratory species, specified in the JAMBA and CAMBA treaties are known to use the reserve. The single most significant issue identified by the plan of management is water management. The nature reserve lies in the Macquarie River system, regulated by the Burrendong Dam, and includes in its catchment cities and agriculture, including water intensive cropping.

A Water Management Plan for the Marshes is currently being revised and is expected to make substantial progress towards securing the water supply necessary for the long term protection of the wetland values of the entire Marshes, including the Nature Reserve. Once the Water Management Plan has been revised, the local Total Catchment Management Committee will develop an integrated land and water management plan for the region.

Kooragang Island Nature Reserve

A plan of management for the nature reserve is being prepared and is due for public release in early 1996. The plan identifies the obligations placed on the manager by the Ramsar Convention and the bilateral treaties with China and Japan for the protection of migratory birds (CAMBA and JAMBA).

An identified issue of special concern is the need for habitat rehabilitation. In particular the plan proposes to:

  1. rehabilitate reclaimed agricultural and flood mitigation land, within the nature reserve, to wetland;
  2. modify the hydrology created by artificial water regulation devices; and
  3. rehabilitate degraded vegetation communities.

The plan also identifies the need to rehabilitate nearby wetlands, outside the current nature reserve and Ramsar site. The NPWS will co-operate with the Hunter Catchment Management Trust through the Kooragang Wetland Rehabilitation Project to help ensure that the wetlands are managed in sympathy with the Ramsar-listed area.

The plan recognises the importance of on-going research and survey in meeting the manager's responsibilities under the Ramsar Convention and other treaties. Such research is not only necessary in assessing the success of managing Kooragang Nature Reserve, but may also indicate the well being of related, international habitats. The plans emphasises the need for research in the following areas: migratory bird or waterfowl ecology; wetland rehabilitation; and ecology of mudflats.

Towra Point

A plan of management for Towra Point Nature Reserve was adopted in May 1989. It has, as one of its primary objectives, the protection of waterfowl and migratory waders and their habitat under the terms of the relevant international treaties, including Ramsar.

The major issue identified in the plan is erosion of Towra Beach caused by changed wave action. Sand from the beach has been progressively deposited in a westerly direction, creating an elongated spit and island. The beach, sand spit and island are the primary resting sites for migratory waders.

Weeds are identified as a problem within the nature reserve and are being controlled using a combination of physical, biological and chemical means in accordance with a approved pest species management plan.

The plan identifies the need for co-ordinated management of Towra Point Nature Reserve and an aquatic reserve which adjoins and overlaps the nature reserve.

Northern Territory

The previous plan of management for the Cobourg Peninsula Aboriginal Land and Sanctuary expired in September 1992. The process of drafting a new plan in conjunction with the traditional owners and their representatives has been extended by the intention to integrate management of an adjoining marine park with the terrestrial and intertidal components of the site. In the interim, management practice has been consistent with the principles set out in the original plan, and implemented under the control of a board of management on which the traditional Aboriginal owners have an effective majority. The tourist development at Coral Bay, mentioned in the 1993 report to the Kushiro Conference, has maintained high standards of environmental management: ecological and aesthetic impacts are considered negligible. Regulation to contain tourist numbers (for example, no more than 15 vehicles present simultaneously in the park) have been maintained.

Queensland

Moreton Bay

The Moreton Bay Strategic Plan was adopted by the Queensland Government in 1993, at the same time as the Marine Park was declared. This covers most of the Ramsar site and extends beyond it in most cases. The Strategic Plan has guided the development of the Moreton Bay Marine Park Zoning Plan (see Section 5.2.1) which will be used to manage the Marine Park. The Zoning Plan is expected to be approved by Government in 1996. Most National Park areas within the site do not yet have finalised Management Plans.

The greatest challenge in preparing the Zoning Plan was to develop an equitable and ecologically sustainable balance between the many conflicting uses placed on a site so close to a major population centre. These conflicting uses include a major Port facility; conflicts between commercial and recreational uses, such as commercial versus recreational fishing and boating, a dredging and extractive industry versus aesthetic appeal and passive recreation; catchment development and degradation over 150 years of European settlement. The pressure from urban development has been exacerbated by the historical pattern of development in the Bay, which was based on the premise that it was desirable to drain or fill wetlands wherever possible.

Bowling Green Bay

A Ramsar Management Plan is currently being developed in consultation with Department of Environment staff and stakeholders.

South Australia

Bool Lagoon and Hacks Lagoon

A plan of management for Bool Lagoon Game Reserve and Hacks Lagoon Conservation Park has been adopted. Management of water levels is determined in conjunction with the South Eastern Water Conservation and Drainage Board, which operates Bool Lagoon as a balancing storage in a major regional drainage network.

Further opportunities to manage the water regime in Bool Lagoon for environmental benefit have been raised in a recent major Environmental Impact Statement assessing options for coordinated management of surface water flooding and dryland salinity problems in the region. The Upper South East project has recommended coordinated water management which would incorporate flows through Bool Lagoon and flows to major wetland systems downstream of Bool lagoon. A regional water management plan for the Upper South East is to be developed by the South Eastern Water Conservation and Drainage Board.

The Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert

A planning process is being established to enable wide public consultation on the future management of this Ramsar-listed wetland. The region has a high public profile due to community use and concerns on development issues. The planning process will acknowledge these special interests and seek to involve community representatives in determining options for wise use of the Ramsar site.

Several current initiatives and programs must be incorporated into the planning process. These include regional development and planning initiatives, community Landcare projects, management plans for individual reserves, and investigations into flow management requirements.

Of some concern is a proposal to install a drainage network in the agricultural hinterland behind the southern lagoon of The Coorong. This scheme is seen as necessary to address a regional rise in the saline watertable which has resulted from overclearing of native vegetation in the region. The State Government has completed an environmental impact statement on this proposal, and is seeking funding assistance from the Commonwealth Government to allow its implementation. The Commonwealth Government is at present assessing the merits of the proposal, including its potential impacts on the Ramsar site.

Coongie Lakes

A plan of management for the multiple-use Innamincka Regional Reserve has been prepared and adopted. It includes provision for conservation of key riverfront and riparian zones.

A management planning process involving community participation for the entire Ramsar site will commence in 1996. The process will link to concurrent community initiatives towards total catchment management in the Cooper-Diamantina Basin.

Riverland

Management of the Bookmark Biosphere Reserve, including the Riverland Ramsar site, is coordinated by a community-based trust, with the emphasis on community involvement in appropriate multiple use of the resource. A partnership between the Australian Nature Conservation Agency and the Chicago Zoological Society led to the purchase of the former Calperum pastoral lease and the establishment of a program of practical demonstrations of ecologically sustainable resource management.

At present an Action Plan is being prepared for the Biosphere Reserve. This regional planning document will take into consideration previous reserve plans and the Murray-Darling Basin Commission Chowilla Floodplain Resource Management Plan. All plans promote sustainable management for land and water systems.

Tasmania

Funding from ANCA has allowed work to begin on the preparation of management plans for each of the ten Ramsar-listed wetlands in Tasmania over the next twelve months.

Victoria

The ten Victorian Ramsar sites are composed of at least 72 discrete management units of varying land tenures (ie private land, DCNR managed public land reserves of varying classifications and public lands managed by other authorities). Forty five of these management units are covered by some form of planning document, as draft or approved land management plans, or as management actions in other types of plans or strategies, eg Salinity Management Plans. These documents do not necessarily identify the management actions required to meet the obligations of the Ramsar Convention, and most plans only partly address Ramsar issues.

ANCA is funding the preparation of management strategies for each of Victoria's Ramsar sites in 1995- 96. These documents will review and update the management actions required to meet the obligations of the Convention for each site. The Strategies will draw in part on information already present in existing plans, and may, for some sites, recommend the preparation of detailed implementation plans. Responsibly for the implementation of the Strategies will rest with the respective land managers.

The following outlines the details of plans prepared during the last three years or currently being prepared.

Corner Inlet

The Corner Inlet and Nooramunga Marine and Coastal Parks Draft Management Plan nearing completion and will be released for public consultation in 1996. A Draft Fisheries Management Plan was related for public comment in late 1995.

Gunbower Forest

The 1994 Torrumbarry East of Loddon Environmental Report (Beovich and Filippin 1994) made a number of recommendations relevant to the management of the site, and in particular that "the discharge of any summer irrigation water not be permitted...when the forest floor is dry". This is supported by the Mid-Murray Forest Management Area Plan (DCNR 1994).

Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes

The draft Mallee Parks Management Plan was released for public comment in 1995 and is now being finalised. The Plan addresses the hydrological management of the Hattah Lakes system in the context of the wider Murray River Integrated Watering Strategy.

Kerang Wetlands

The Kerang Salinity Management Plan (KLAWG 1992) recommended that a suite of Management Plans for specific wetlands be developed. The preparation of some of these plans has commenced, whilst others are on hold pending the recommendations of the Ramsar Site Management Strategy to be prepared in 1995-96.

Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula

The 1994 Environment Protection Authority (EPA) publication Protecting Water Quality in Port Phillip Bay makes a number of recommendations with implications for the West Port Phillip site. In particular it recommends that a Port Phillip Bay Environment Management Plan be prepared by DCNR. The development of such a Plan will be addressed following the formation of the proposed Coastal and Bay Management Council. The EPA are currently reviewing the State Environment Protection Policy (SEPP) (Waters of Victoria), and will incorporate the current SEPP (Waters of Port Phillip Bay) as a schedule in this document.

A Draft Strategy Plan for the Point Cook Coastal Park Cheetham Wetlands was released for public comment by Melbourne Parks and Waterways (MPW) in July 1995 and is now being finalised.

Western Port

The Western Port Bay Strategy, approved late in 1992, outlines the significant Ramsar values of the Western Port Bay area. It makes recommendations for the management of the Bay. This is an extremely large management area and the strategy suggests it would benefit from being divided into management zones to which smaller management plans could be applied.

Western District Lakes

Draft management plans have been produced for the following wetlands, such as Lake Murdeduke Draft Management Plan 1992, Lake Colongulac Draft Management Plan 1993, Lake Milangil Wetland Proposed Management Plan 1993, Lake Beeac Draft Management Plan 1992.

Gippsland Lakes

The Blond Bay Management Plan (DCE 1993 ) was approved in 1993. A Lake Wellington Catchment Salinity Management Plan (SMP) was completed in 1993. Implementation of the SMP is under way in the form of groundwater pump installation. A Draft Lake Wellington Wetlands Management Plan is currently being finalised for release for public comment. The State Environment Protection Policy (SEPP) (Waters of Victoria) sets the water quality standards required to protect specified beneficial uses of Lake Reeve.

Lake Albacutya

Lake Albacutya is covered by the draft Mallee Parks Management Plan (DCNR 1995) and to a very limited extent by the 1993 Wimmera River Catchment Strategy and Salinity Management Plan. The draft Mallee Parks Management Plan addresses the hydrological management of the Outlet Creek system in the context of the wider Wimmera River Integrated Catchment Management Strategy. An environmental report was prepared for the Mallee Dryland Salinity Management Plan (Beovich 1993) and includes sections on Lake Albacutya.

Western Australia

In January 1996, the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management, with funding from ANCA, will commence Phase 1 of the preparation of management plans for the Lakes Argyle & Kununurra, Ord River Floodplain, Roebuck Bay and Eighty Mile Beach Ramsar sites in the Kimberley. Phase 1 will include an assessment of the current management status of the sites, an analysis of existing and potential threats to their ecological character and the identification of any critically important investigations needed prior to completion of the individual management plans. Lake Gregory in the Great Sandy Desert will also be included in Phase 1 as it has previously been proposed for Ramsar listing, subject to the outcome of consultations with the current pastoral leaseholders and other interested parties.

The WA Water Authority has had a management plan prepared for the Lilly Creek area at Kununurra and a scoping study for preparation of a management plan for Lake Kununurra and its environs has also been completed.

Thomsons Lake and Lake Forrestdale

Management plans exist for Thomsons Lake and Lake Forrestdale Nature Reserves, which are jointly listed under Ramsar. The Thomsons Lake plan has largely been implemented and now requires revision. It is intended that this be done as part of the preparation of a plan for the entire Beeliar chain of wetlands, following establishment of the Beeliar Regional Park. Considerable progress has been made with implementation of the Forrestdale plan.

Peel-Yalgorup System

A management plan prepared by the WA Department of Conservation and Land Management for Yalgorup National Park (part of the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site) was completed and released in August 1995. The Yalgorup Lakes are important waterbird habitats and contain benthic microbial communities that form algal mats in most of the lakes and living stromatolites (literally, layered rocks) and thrombolites (literally, clotted rocks) in Lake Clifton. The microbial communities are threatened by increased nutrient inputs. High priority actions recommended in the management plan include fencing to stop livestock entering the lakes, minimising development along the edge of the lakes, encouraging private land owners to manage their properties so as to reduce nutrient input into the lakes, encouraging action by other government agencies to assist in reducing nutrient inputs and construction of an observation facility for viewing stromatolites, thrombolites and waterbirds.

Lake Toolibin

The ANCA-funded Recovery Plan for the Toolibin Lake Ramsar site has been completed and released. Toolibin Lake, the last substantial Casuarina-Melaleuca lake in south- western Australia and a major waterfowl breeding area, is gravely threatened by rising saline ground waters and increasing salinity of surface inflows. The Plan recommends both urgent and long term actions to recover the Lake. Urgent actions include the diversion of saline surface flows and installation of bores to lower the groundwater level beneath the lake. The need for quick action was stressed. Over the past 12 months urgent actions have included:

It is recognised that catchment-wide solutions are necessary to recover the Lake and protect it in the longer term. This involves important work by land holders under the auspices of their own catchment group (includes agency membership), as well as agency-stimulated works. An important revegetation experiment, the Toolibin Alley Farming Trial, has begun in the Lake Toolibin catchment. The aim is to investigate the growing of woody vegetation for: commercial purposes, lowering of saline water tables and the design of sustainable farming systems. Elsewhere in the catchment an "oil mallee" industry is being trialed. Farmland previously used for cereal and pasture production is being planted with Eucalyptus mallee to test the potential for a commercial oil crop industry. These plantings, together with the Toolibin Alley Farming Trial, have resulted in revegetation to date of over 200 hectares on private property. These plantings are expected to contribute to lowering of saline watertables with resultant benefits for the Lake and other landscape components.

Over the past three years the Lake Toolibin Recovery Project has grown from being a "save the lake" project to a major landscape rehabilitation experiment with implications for land management practices throughout the agricultural zone of south-western Australia. The expanded activities of the project, and implementation of works, have also led to improvements in the relationship between the Department of Conservation and Land Management, as lake manager, and the local catchment land holders.

Lake Warden System

CALM is preparing a formal management plan (ie. a statutory management plan under the CALM Act) for the Lake Warden System Ramsar site. Key issues identified during preparation of the draft plan include excess nutrient inputs from the agricultural catchment, the need for regeneration burns of ageing and collapsing stands of Banksia vegetation on high ground within the wetland system, control of weeds and the plant diseases Phytopthora and Armillaria, and recreational access. Substantial funding assistance is being provided by ANCA for preparation of the plan.

Other Western Australian wetlands

Saline ground water continues to rise throughout much of south-western Australia and pose a threat to many values, both natural (eg. wetlands) and artificial (eg farmlands, buildings and roads). Management of water and salt movement across the south-western Australian landscape is emerging as a major environmental and social issue. A massive injection of funding will be required to halt and reverse land degradation in the south west. To this end, the Commonwealth Government has allocated $4.3 million over three years (1994-96) through the National Landcare Program to the largest catchment of the south-west agricultural zone, the Swan-Avon. This catchment contains many important wetlands including several listed in A Directory of Important Wetlands of Australia, eg. the Lake Grace system, the Yealering and Wannamal Lakes systems, Chittering-Needoonga Lakes, Avon River Valley and Swan-Canning Estuary. Matching funds have been allocated by the State Government (principally $2.8 million for the "Swan Cleanup Program") and Alcoa of Australia ($5 million over five years to support the Avon Landcare Program) (refer comment 2.5a in Appendix 1.)

The Commonwealth Government has also allocated $2.5 million over three years (1995-1997) to tackle land and water degradation in the second largest catchment of south-western Australia, the Blackwood. This funding will be used for revegetation works, salinity and nutrient action plans, sustainable farming demonstrations, training, river monitoring and related activities. The funding will be applied through the Blackwood Catchment Coordinating Group, formed in 1992 with representatives from local shires, land conservation district committees (LCDCs), State government agencies, conservationists, farmers and community and industry representatives. Directory of Important Wetland sites in the Blackwood catchment include Lakes Toolibin, Coyrecup and Dumbleyung and the Blackwood River lower reaches and tributaries (refer comment 2.5b in Appendix 1).

A proposed Conservation Strategy for the Busselton Wetlands was completed in May 1993. This document, prepared for the WA Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) with funding from the Australian Heritage Commission National Estate Grants Program via the State Heritage Committee, recommends vesting of the Vasse and Wonnerup estuaries and other government land in the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority and provides guidance for land use planning decisions in adjacent areas. CALM has briefed Government Planning and Environment Ministers and the local Member of Parliament on the proposed Strategy and is currently holding discussions with the Ministry for Planning concerning mechanisms for implementation.

Refer comment 2.5c in Appendix 1.

Wild populations of the critically endangered Western Swamp Tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) are restricted to the Ellenbrook and Twin Swamps nature reserves of Bullsbrook near Perth. CALM has recently completed erection of a $250,000 vermin proof fence around the Ellenbrook reserve, primarily to protect the tortoises from the introduced Fox (Vulpes vulpes). The WA Water Authority has funded ($35 000) the installation of a groundwater bore, pump and pipes to supplement water levels in the swamps and thereby assist tortoise breeding. An assessment of the prevalence of "dieback" (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in the reserves has also begun. With ANCA financial assistance, CALM has also prepared and is implementing a Recovery Plan for the tortoise. The WA Department of Environmental Protection has drafted an Environmental Protection Policy to protect tortoise habitat from potentially degrading external influences (refer comment 2.5d in Appendix 1).

The WA Water Authority has recently completed a major review of environmental water allocations for wetlands (and upland vegetation) of the Gnangara Mound, a major aquifer north of the Swan Coastal Plain and one of Perth's most important sources of potable water. Criteria intended to ensure that important wetlands on the Mound received adequate water for maintenance of natural and other values were revised in the light of knowledge gained from the seven "Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain" publications referred to in section 3.4. The review document is now being assessed by the WA Environmental Protection Authority (refer comment 2.5b in Appendix 1).

Groundwater is also abstracted for public and private use from the Jandakot Mound, south of Perth. Here too, the WA Water Authority is required to meet specific environmental criteria aimed at ensuring appropriate water regimes for a number of important wetlands, including the Ramsar-listed Forrestdale and Thomsons Lakes, other wetlands in the Beeliar chain and wetlands of the recently announced Jandakot Botanic Park.

In December 1993, the WA Government established a Legislative Council Select Committee on Metropolitan Development and Groundwater Supplies to enquire into measures necessary to protect Perth's precious groundwater resources while still allowing for development and expansion of the metropolitan area. Many of Perth's wetlands (including the Lake Forrestdale and Thomsons Lake Ramsar sites) are hydrologically connected to the unconfined Gnangara and Jandakot ground water "mounds" and protection of these ground waters from pollution is essential for the maintenance of wetland health. The Select Committee reported to Parliament in December 1994, recommending inter alia that "whole of government" policies be prepared for these areas, integrating the policies and actions of key agencies such as the Water Authority, Ministry for Planning and Environmental Protection Authority. The Committee made reference to the Jandakot Land Use and Water Management Strategy previously developed by the Ministry for Planning and recommended that a similar strategy for the Gnangara groundwater mound be developed. The Committee strongly recommended the establishment of a groundwater protection priority area on the Gnangara mound where development would not be permitted. The Committee's recommendations have been accepted by Government and purchase of land has commenced in the Lake Pinjar area. The Water Authority may spend up to $10 million and the Ministry for Planning $3 million on adding land over the mound to the conservation estate.

2.6 Additional information on Listed Wetlands

South Australia

Bool Lagoon and Hacks Lagoon

A water manipulation program to enable regeneration of Ti-tree (Melaleuca spp) is current. This habitat is used by Ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis and T. aethiopica) in a major regional breeding colony. There has been a successful program to reintroduce Magpie geese (Anseranas semipalmata) to the wetland.

Four boardwalks provide visitor access to view the wetland habitats and waterbirds in 10ha of the 3500ha site. Guided tours are available and self-guided tours are about to be launched. Visitor numbers have increased from about 200 a year to 20 000 a year since 1987. The use of lead shot within the wetland for duck hunting was banned in 1987. Hunters use either soft iron ("steel shot") or bismuth shot.

Coongie Lakes

Part of the site is on Crown Land subject to Pastoral Lease. All leases are currently undergoing scientific assessment of grazing impacts and land capability in order to establish appropriate stocking rates and land management practices.

Recent debate over the proposed Lake Eyre World Heritage Area has led to heightened community concerns over the management of this area, and a commitment by the South Australian Government to undertake surveys and investigations which include the Cooper Creek floodplain and the Coongie Lakes Ramsar site.

Riverland

Initiatives for the area include investigating opportunities for improved flow management and drying of wetlands which have been permanently inundated by the impacts of river regulation. Exclusion of European carp from wetland sites is also a priority, with several experimental sites currently active. Government agencies and community groups are involved in several partnerships for the development and management of these projects.

The potential for linkages upstream into New South Wales and Victoria has been highlighted in recent discussions and meetings. The close proximity upstream of the Murray Sunset National Park, including the Lindsay River floodplain, and the Hattah-Kulkyne Ramsar site (which is also a Biosphere Reserve) would provide building blocks for developing a 'super' Ramsar site in this region. Existing strong links between the Ramsar sites, the Biosphere Reserves program and the Murray-Darling Basin Commission could be extended to cover a very significant area of the mid-Murray floodplain.

Tasmania

Foreshore rehabilitation is continuing at Moulting Lagoon Game Reserve. A second two kilometre stretch of shoreline has been fenced and planted with native vegetation, but unexpectedly high flood waters in 1994 killed many of the young trees. These will be replaced in the coming spring. A project is underway to improve the site mapping for Tasmania's 10 Ramsar listed wetlands.

Victoria

Mapping of Site Boundaries

The original documentation for the 1982 nomination of Victorian sites for listing under the Convention did not include accurate or detailed boundary descriptions. This lack of accuracy has resulted in confusion over boundaries and hindered the management of some of the Victorian sites. In 1993 ANCA jointly funded a project with DCNR to produce accurate 1:100 000 maps of Victorian Ramsar sites. Site boundaries were defined through the interpretation of the original site nomination descriptions and DCNR's Victorian Wetlands GIS layer, and validated by Area management staff. Maps of the ten sites and a supporting descriptive report have been completed. This work will aid the improved management of the State's Ramsar sites.

Corner Inlet

Research into the control measures for the pest plant Spartina is continuing. Mapping of Spartina distribution and abundance has been completed. Waterbird counts and surveys are ongoing for Corner Inlet and surrounding areas. The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) have a long term project monitoring the numbers of migratory wading birds in the area. Little Terns (endangered in Victoria) are also being monitored by DCNR as part of a state-wide monitoring program for this species. A fauna survey has been undertaken for St Margaret and Snake Islands. Recreational angler surveys are also being undertaken at Corner Inlet where target fish species and numbers are monitored. A long term study looking at commercial fishing catches is also underway.

Barmah Forest

Extensive fish surveys have been undertaken in the Forest to determine the flooding requirements of native fish fauna (McKinnon in prep). Monitoring of the quality of irrigation outflow into Barmah Forest and associated impacts on aquatic invertebrates is also being conducted. Investigation of Superb Parrot numbers and breeding areas in the forest during the last five years has led to the establishment of a number of exclusion zones, to protect Superb Parrot breeding colonies from possible disturbance due to timber harvesting or silviculture activities (DCNR Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement 33). Vertebrate survey work has been proceeding in Barmah Forest in association with a DCNR study of the Northern Plains.

Gunbower Forest

An Interim Water Management Strategy is being implemented; works to date include the removal of silt and other obstructions from effluent streams and channels to permit natural water flows to enter the forest. Fish, water quality and aquatic macro-invertebrate surveys are being undertaken in Gunbower Creek as part of an anabranch study incorporating Lindsay and Wallpolla Islands. Vertebrate survey work has been proceeding in Gunbower Forest in association with a DCNR study of the Northern Plains.

Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes

Work on the impacts of grazing is being undertaken with kangaroo counts and vegetation monitoring around the lakes. A project investigating the possibilities of time share flooding with NSW and SA is underway. An environmental report for the Mallee Dryland Salinity Management Plan was prepared by Beovich (1993) and includes sections on the Hattah Lakes.

Kerang Wetlands

A 27 600 ML/year bulk water entitlement measured at Torrumbarry Weir is available to the Kerang Lakes for environmental purposes. This allocation includes a maximum 14 350 ML for Hird and Johnson Swamps to maintain high water levels through summer. A study has been undertaken to determine how best this water can be used to enhance the flooding and improve the water quality of the Kerang Lakes (Rural Water Corporation (RWC) 1995). Much survey work was done during the planning phase of the 1992 Salinity Management Plan looking at flora and fauna inhabiting the Lakes. A subsequent PhD project (in prep) has been undertaken which complements this work. Tree health and water quality have been monitored for many of the Kerang wetlands. Water quality monitoring is ongoing.

Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula

A re-assessment of wetland and waterbird habitat values is nearing completion for the Western shoreline of Port Phillip Bay from Limeburners Bay to Little River (Appleby, in prep). This report includes a review of the literature relevant to the site.

A great deal of ecological investigation has been undertaken in the past due to the use of the area by the Orange-bellied Parrot, a nationally endangered species. More recently this investigation relates to the proposed Pt Lillias/Pt Wilson developments. This has included migratory wader and Orange- bellied Parrot surveys and the active management of key areas. Various NGOs and private individuals have conducted research and regular counts of waterbirds in segments of the Bay, especially the MWC Western Treatment Plant and Queenscliff/Swan Island.

The Victorian Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and MWC are conducting an investigation into the likely impacts of Greenhouse-related climate change on Victoria's coastline. The coast-line adjacent to and including the Port Phillip Bay site has been selected as a study area for this investigation. A report on this investigation is due for release in mid 1996.

Western Port

The EPA is undertaking an investigation to assess the distribution and abundance of seagrass in Western Port This data will be compared with previous information to determine the changes which have occurred to seagrass beds over time. The Bird Observers Club Australia (BOCA) has conducted regular counts (approximately five per year) of waterbirds since 1973 and a number of postgraduate theses have dealt with the ecology of waterbirds and fish.

Western District Lakes

Monitoring programs underway includes fauna surveys, regular waterbird counts and monitoring of breeding colonies and water quality. Salinity monitoring is being undertaken for several Western District Lakes as part of a PhD project to determine the salinity tolerance of aquatic macro- invertebrates and vegetation, and their potential as biological indicators. Biannual surveys examining aquatic invertebrates and water quality parameters are being undertaken for Lake Corangamite.

Gippsland Lakes

An environmental monitoring program will be developed as part of a Salinity Management Plan for the catchment and will focus on Clydebank Morass (part of the Ramsar site) and two other sites. Monitoring at Dowds Morass has been underway for two years with the aim of collecting baseline data for the implementation of a drying phase for the Morass' hydrological regime. Physio-chemical, vegetation and waterbird data have been collected. Drying of the Morass has been hindered by a series of wet summers. It was only partially drawn down during the summer of 1994/95 as the western section (including the ibis breeding colony site) did not achieve a total drying.

A number of ongoing research and monitoring programs are being undertaken in Ramsar sites on a small scale :

Lake Albacutya

Monitoring of dieback in flood-dependent vegetation was initiated in 1993 with a baseline survey of the extent of River Red Gum dieback on the lower Wimmera River (Wouters in press). Follow up monitoring is planned, including the measurement of groundwater changes. Pre duck season surveys are undertaken when the Lake has water.

Western Australia

A 30 megawatt hydroelectric power station is to be developed to utilise water discharge from the artificial Lake Argyle (part of the Argyle-Kununurra Ramsar site). Environmental approval has been obtained through the WA Environmental Protection Authority's environmental impact assessment process. The power station is due to be commissioned in April 1996. Operation of the power station will not result in increased water level fluctuations in Lake Argyle, as the water being used to generate power has previously been discharged for other purposes.

The declared pest weed, Noogoora Burr (Xanthium pungens), is invading the Parry's Lagoon and Ord River Nature Reserves (and other wetland systems of the Kimberley Region) and is a significant threat to their conservation values as it competitively excludes fringing native vegetation and blocks access to watercourses. In 1995, CALM and the WA Agriculture Protection Board conducted a small (< 10 ha) eradication trial with 2,4,-D amine applied at low level by helicopter. Control was not achieved. It is likely that traditional methods (manual removal and ground-based application of herbicides) will continue to be employed. A monitoring report is in preparation.

An information shelter has been erected at Parry's Lagoon Nature Reserve and CALM has recently received $60,000 of Commonwealth funding to construct boardwalks, viewing platforms and hides on the wetlands. Site plans are currently being prepared.

Applications for mineral exploration licences covering Roebuck Bay and surrounding areas have been lodged with the WA Department of Minerals and Energy (DoME). Appropriate conditions, including exclusion zones, are currently being considered by DoME in consultation with CALM, the WA Department of Environmental Protection and other parties.

The WA CALM has proposed that Roebuck Bay be declared and managed as a marine park. However, this proposal has been opposed from several quarters including the Broome Shire Council and the pearling industry. A native title claim over Roebuck Bay has recently been lodged by the Yawuru community.

A vermin (fox, dog, cat and rabbit) proof fence has been erected around the Thomsons Lake Ramsar site at a cost of $350 000. While the fence was constructed by CALM, a substantial portion of the cost was borne by Alcoa of Australia and the City of Cockburn. Two information shelters have been erected and an assessment of the prevalence of "dieback" (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in the reserve has commenced.

Since December 1992, the WA Water Authority has prepared an environmental management program and partially installed major drainage infrastructure aimed at protecting the water quality of the Thomsons Lake Ramsar site from nutrients emanating from extensive residential development in the Lake's eastern catchments, an area that was previously used for agriculture.

At Forrestdale Lake Ramsar site a 120 metre boardwalk and information shelter have been constructed by CALM with assistance from the Commonwealth Landcare Employment Assistance Program and the Friends of Forrestdale community group. Two information shelters have been erected at the Thomsons Lake Ramsar site.

In 1996, the Department of Conservation and Land Management, with $5,000 funding support from ANCA, will be designing, constructing and erecting interpretive signs on the Ramsar Convention within the Thomsons-Forrestdale site.

The WA Water Authority, the Department of Agriculture and members of the local community, with funding from the National Landcare Program, are collaborating in a sub-catchment scale project aimed at improving farmland drainage practices in the Peel-Harvey catchment. One important aspect being examined is methods of improving nutrient retention in paddocks and within wetlands associated with the existing drainage system. The aim is to reduce nutrient inputs into the already eutrophic Peel- Harvey Estuary (Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site).

Modified proposals for a residential canal estate on the northern shore (Creery wetlands) of Peel- Harvey Estuary (Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site) were submitted in May 1993. Environmental approval was issued however the project has not proceeded. The Local Authority has decided, following a referendum of local opinion, not to initiate the rezoning required for a canal estate to be built.

In 1994, the WA Water Authority obtained funding through the National Landcare Program for additional hydrological investigations in the vicinity of Lakes Clifton and Preston (Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site). These investigations are required to better define the local aquifer properties, groundwater and surface flow directions, nutrient loads and lake-aquifer interaction, in order to assess the threat of eutrophication to these wetlands from proposed developments. Lake Clifton contains the most extensive living thrombolite ("stromatolite") community in the southern hemisphere; this is in danger of being smothered by excessive algal growth. The investigations are being jointly undertaken over three years by the Water Authority, Geological Survey of WA, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and CALM.

In 1993, the Department of Conservation and Land Management, with some funding from the WA Water Authority, initiated a pilot study of the effectiveness of strips of native vegetation of various widths in limiting nutrient inputs to Lake Clifton. Preliminary results suggested that "buffer" strips in excess of 150m width were warranted.

In 1995-96, the Department of Conservation and Land Management, with $5,000 funding support from ANCA, will be designing, constructing and erecting interpretative signs within the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site.

Construction of the Port Geographe marina and canal estate development on the floodplain of the Vasse-Wonnerup Ramsar Site at Busselton commenced early 1995. CALM and the developer are proceeding with detailed planning of walk trails, hides, an information shelter, artificial wetlands, vegetation buffers and other landscaping in the conservation reserve to be established between the development and the estuary.

Land Conservation District Committees (LCDCs) of the Vasse and Wonnerup estuary catchments have undertaken a range of activities aimed at reducing excessive nutrient inputs to the wetlands and Geographe Bay (Indian Ocean). These include stream monitoring, soil analysis and fertiliser trials aimed at reducing fertiliser applications to the minimum needed for pasture production, design and installation of biological filters to treat dairy waste waters, planting of local arboreta and belts of trees to take up nutrients, and poisoning of introduced foxes to reduce loss of wildlife species associated with wetlands.

The WA Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM), with funding from ANCA, has employed a consultant to assess the role and importance of the Vasse-Wonnerup floodplain in the maintenance of this Ramsar site's waterbird populations. An interim report has revealed a high level of waterbird usage of the floodplain (which adjoins the listed area) in winter and spring months, a lower than expected number of duck broods on the estuaries and high sensitivity of birds to experimental disturbance.

Predation by the introduced fox Vulpes vulpes is considered to be partly responsible for the low numbers of duck broods observed on the Vasse-Wonnerup wetlands. In late 1995, CALM commenced a fox poisoning program around the margins of the Ramsar site and in adjacent forest in cooperation with other land holders. Impacts on fox, native mammal and duckling numbers are being monitored to assess the effectiveness of the program.

CALM is also monitoring water level variations in the Vasse and Wonnerup wetlands and assessing the impact of these and other factors such as stock access on breeding success of the Black Swan Cygnus atratus. Vasse-Wonnerup supports the largest regular breeding colony of Black Swans in Western Australia. The WA Water Authority is responsible for managing water levels in these wetlands and has provided funding for this project.

In 1996, the Department of Conservation and Land Management, with $5,000 funding support from ANCA, will be designing, constructing and erecting interpretive signs around the Vasse-Wonnerup Ramsar site.

The WA Department of Conservation and Land Management, with ANCA funding, is also developing guidelines for possible application in monitoring of the ecological character, and threats to this, of Ramsar sites in Australia.

3. Wise use of wetlands

3.1 Progress towards Formulation and Application of a National Wetlands Policy

Commonwealth initiatives

Since the last meeting of Contracting Parties, progress has been made towards the establishment of a wetlands policy for the Commonwealth Government. The recently elected Commonwealth Government has announced its intention to finalise a national wetlands policy as a matter of urgency.

The proposal to develop a Commonwealth Wetlands Policy was foreshadowed in the Budget papers for 1994-95, when the National Wetlands Program was endorsed. As an instrument of the Commonwealth Government, the Policy would provide direction for decision-making in the management of Commonwealth lands, allow a more coordinated approach for Commonwealth Government programs.

A broadly based National Wetlands Advisory Committee (NWAC) was established in August 1995. The Committee's role is to provide advice to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment during the development and adoption of the Commonwealth Policy and to advise on the priorities of the National Wetlands Program (see Section 3.2).

A paper commissioned by ANCA reviews existing Commonwealth wetlands related legislation, policies and expenditure and their potential impacts on wetlands. The NWAC hosted a workshop on 4 to 6 December 1995 to consider this paper and to develop the scope of a draft Policy. A draft version of the Policy has now been prepared, and pending Government endorsement will go through a public consultation phase in 1996.

State initiatives

In Australia, the State and Territory Governments are primarily responsible for managing wetlands within their jurisdiction. Some State and Territory Governments have made progress towards the development of wetland policies, as detailed below.

New South Wales

The NSW Government is finalising a State Wetlands Management Policy which aims to ensure that a coordinated wetlands program is implemented across government and within the community. The NSW Wetland Working Group, made up of relevant Government agencies, industry and community groups, is guiding the Policy's development. The policy is based on the Total Catchment Management (TCM) philosophy and seeks to achieve wetland conservation through the implementation of sustainable management practices and cooperative action between government and the community. The Policy will be implemented by the development of best management practices, research, monitoring, management planning, community involvement, education and reservation.

Northern Territory

The Northern Territory has adopted a Conservation Strategy (April 1994) which, among other things, seeks to improve the ecological representativeness of its reserve system, promote wise use of natural resources and encourage local involvement in conservation programs. Wetlands have been identified as a significant focus, and a separate Territory-wide strategy for their conservation management is being developed. To foster that process, the Territory will sponsor a technical workshop on wise use of wetland resources in Darwin, a few days in advance of the Conference of Parties in Brisbane. The Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS, a Commonwealth agency), and Wetlands International (Asia Pacific) will participate in both the conduct of the workshop and drafting of the Territory's strategy.

Queensland

In Queensland, a strategy for the conservation and management of wetlands is being developed as a whole-of-government initiative, in consultation with key stakeholders. Other policy initiatives of relevance to wetlands include enactment of the Coastal Protection and Management Act 1995. The State Coastal Management Plan is currently being prepared.

Victoria

The Victorian Government has introduced a number of significant initiatives which offer support to the implementation of the Ramsar Convention, these include:

The Government has endorsed the National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development and the draft National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biodiversity. A Biodiversity Strategy for the State is currently being prepared. Victoria has also been actively participating in the National Endangered Species Program, National Reserves Systems Cooperative Program and the National Wetlands Program. The Victorian Wildlife Atlas has been expanded to include freshwater invertebrates; this expansion keeps Victoria at the forefront of data collection and dissemination at the local level.

The management and protection of wetlands on public land in Victoria is provided for under a number of existing pieces of legislation.

Western Australia

The draft State Wetland Conservation Policy for Western Australia issued in December 1992 has not yet been finalised. A review of public submissions and an amended draft has been prepared. An estimate of additional resources required for implementation is also being prepared. Some re-allocation of responsibilities for implementation is required following the recent restructuring of the WA Water Authority and the formation of a Water Resources Commission which inter alia will incorporate the former Waterways Commission.

3.2 National Ramsar / Wetland Committees

As outlined in Section 3.1, a National Wetlands Advisory Committee has been established. The 15 member Committee comprises a broad range of stakeholders having a major interest in wetlands, representing conservation, management, recreational, industry, scientific and community interest groups. The ANZECC Wetlands Network is represented by an officer from the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

The Committee met three times during 1995. Owing to the importance attached to the development of the Policy, the Committee met more frequently to progress its development. If the Policy is endorsed the Committee will have a continuing role to play in its implementation, and will meet at least once every 12 months.

The role of the National Wetlands Advisory Committee is to advise the Minister for the Environment on the development of the Wetlands Policy (see Section 3.1) and it's subsequent implementation and advise on the priorities of the National Wetlands Program.

3.3 National Scientific Inventory of Important Wetlands

In 1993, the Australian Nature Conservation Agency (ANCA) published a Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia, a listing of those nationally important wetlands recognised as such at the time. At the time of publication it was identified that the Directory project would be an ongoing publication to enable the compilation of a comprehensive national wetland inventory. Accordingly, during 1995-96 ANCA funded State and Territories to review and update information in the first edition and identify priority areas for future wetland inventory. As a result of this work a revised second edition of the Directory, with contributions from all Commonwealth, States and Territory nature conservation agencies will be released in March 1996. Through the continuation of this project most State and Territories are moving towards State-wide inventories which will contribute to a national wetland coverage.

The Australian Heritage Commission has responsibility for developing and maintaining the Register of the National Estate. The Register currently includes a large number of wetlands listed on the basis of their environmental and/or cultural significance.

In 1993, the Australian Wader Studies Group published A National Plan for Shorebird Conservation in Australia by Doug Watkins. This significant document brings together information on the location of wetlands of national and international importance for waders and, taking into account their management status, prioritises the sites at which conservation action is most urgently needed.

Australian Capital Territory

Funding is being sought from ANCA's National Wetlands Program to prepare an inventory of lowland wetlands in the ACT. It is hoped that this will complete the inventory of ACT wetlands and provide a basis for inclusion of any significant wetlands into the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.

New South Wales

NSW is currently updating its chapter in A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. The NPWS is undertaking inventories in the west of the state, including the Murray- Darling Basin. Wetlands are being classified and the effects of cropping and water management are being assessed for some sites. The Department of Land and Water Conservation is surveying wetlands on the southern tablelands and south coast. The work of the two agencies will assist in the updating of the Directory.

Northern Territory

The Northern Territory continues to seek improved understanding of the values of wetlands and the ecological processes influencing those values. In particular, knowledge of the ephemeral and intermittent wetlands of the semi-humid tropics and their role in the maintenance of regional waterbird populations has been considerably extended. These new data will contribute to improvements in the descriptions of important wetlands summarised in A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.

Queensland

Surveys in preparation for the revision of Queensland's chapter of A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia has identified 85 new sites that meet the nationally important wetland criteria, doubling the number of Queensland sites listed in the Directory.

Victoria

The mapping and classification of all of Victoria's wetlands of greater than one hectare in size has been completed and prepared as a layer on the DCNR GIS. A minimum data set of biological, physical and chemical data has been collected for over 2000 wetlands statewide to provide a baseline for management and monitoring. In excess of 24 000 waterbird counts for individual wetlands are available through the DCNR Wetlands Data Base. The DCNR revision to Victoria's chapter of will increase the number of sites that meet the nationally important criteria to 121.

Western Australia

The WA Water Authority has mapped, classified, numbered and described approximately 10 000 wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain from Wedge Island to Dunsborough at a scale of 1:25,000. Using the Semeniuk wetland classification system, this work is compatible with the nationally agreed wetland definition and reflects nationally agreed minimum data set guidelines for wetland inventories. Outputs are available in map, broadsheet and report form. Further inventory of the wetlands of the south-western corner of Australia, from Busselton to Walpole, has recently commenced.

The WA Water Authority, the Department of Environmental Protection, consultants and tertiary students have also collaborated in describing the benefits and values of the Swan Coastal Plain wetlands from Moore River to Mandurah. International, national, regional and local levels of significance have been recognised. From this work, a system of wetland value description that could be utilised state wide has been developed.

During the past three years, the WA Water Authority has also mapped and classified the wetlands of the Scott Coastal Plain - Lake Jasper and Donnelly River - Walpole Inlet areas on the western south coast and is now continuing this work through the Walpole to Unicup area. This mapping is also at 1:25,000, with smaller scale broadsheets and an atlas proposed.

The Water Authority's wetland inventory work extends to assessments of the historical significance of Swan Coastal Plain and Busselton-Walpole wetlands to Aboriginal and European settler communities and assessments of the scientific, educational and recreational significance of these wetlands.

The Conservation Council of WA has been involved in mapping and classification of wetlands to the north of Perth, through a Commonwealth Grant.

The Australian Heritage Commission and the WA Water Authority have jointly funded a survey of "wild rivers" in the north of the State. This project, which will be completed in 1996, is aimed at identifying pristine and near pristine river systems of the Kimberley. The Water Authority is also conducting a similar study of rivers and catchments in the south-west of the State with the intention of identifying "outstanding" rivers or streams for environmental purposes.

A scientific working group, established by Government and serviced by the Department of Conservation and Land Management, and including some of the State's leading marine scientists, has completed its report, A Representative Marine Reserve System for Western Australia, which was released for public comment in July 1994. The working group has identified about 70 areas that represent the distinct coastal types around the WA coastline and has recommended they be considered for incorporation into the marine reserves network. The Ord River Floodplain, Roebuck Bay and Peel Inlet (parts thereof) Ramsar sites, and several sites included in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia, are among the 70 listed areas.

3.4 Additional Guidance for Implementing the Wise Use Concept

Research

In March 1995, a workshop was convened by the Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist (ERISS, part of the Commonwealth Environment Portfolio) to discuss research priorities and opportunities at wetlands in Australia's wet/dry tropics.

The Land and Water Resources Research and Development Commission (LWRRDC, part of the Commonwealth Primary Industries portfolio) is currently undertaking a major review of national priorities for wetlands research, and may join with other Commonwealth funding agencies to commence a single, national wetlands research program from 1996/97.

Training

Planning is underway by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency and other interested parties concerning the establishment of a training program for wetlands managers. It is anticipated such a program may be established within the next 12 months.

The Role of the Non-government Sector

The role of local government, non-government organisations, indigenous peoples, and private landholders in the management of Ramsar-listed and other wetlands is very important in Australia. Only a small proportion (around 4%) of the land mass is protected within the formal reserve system funded and managed by Commonwealth, State or Territory Governments. Remaining lands fall into a mixture of private property, leasehold or Crown Lands either unreserved or reserved for activities other than conservation (for example forestry, roads, ...). The majority of Australia's wetlands are therefore managed primarily for reasons other than conservation, and the extent to which "wise use" principles are implemented depends on the cooperation and commitment of the broader Australian community.

Funding from a variety of government and non-government sources allows community-based groups and private landholders to initiate and manage their own wetland management initiatives. These projects are often carried out close to highly populated areas, and provide valuable models of practical wetlands conservation and management. A few examples of such sites include Boondall Wetlands (Brisbane), Edithvale-Seaford wetlands (nr Melbourne), Watervalley Wetlands (south-east South Australia), Barmah-Millewa forest (Murray River), Pittwater-Orielton lagoon (Tasmania), Shortland Wetland Centre (Newcastle), and Beeliar wetlands (Perth).

The non government sector continues to make significant contributions to the understanding of Australian wetlands. Through organisations such as the Australasian Wader Studies Group and the Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union, thousands of volunteers participate in bird surveys at wetlands. In recent years, community-based water quality monitoring is also become established in a rapidly increasing number of locations nationally. Through the National Landcare Program, local catchment-based groups have taken part in the rehabilitation of degraded wetlands by reinstating natural hydrologic regimes and re-establishing native vegetation.

South Australia

In South Australia, significant scientific research is being concentrated on the Bool Lagoon system through the Department of Botany at the University of Adelaide. In particular, a series of projects is building knowledge of the inter-relationships between the distribution of aquatic plants and the water regime. This work will provide vital information to assess the benefits and impact of water operations, and options for improving environmental conditions.

Tasmania

Tasmania is cooperating with other States on an ANZECC Task Force to determine a unified national approach to the use of lead shot. Local research showed a high level of lead shot in the surface sediments at the Apsley Marshes site. The predominance of fine clay particles appeared to prevent the settlement of the pellets and ducks shot in the area showed high levels of lead in their body tissues. Sediment in the adjoining Moulting Lagoon site were more coarse and allowed the pellets to eventually settle out of reach, but it was felt that they still presented a problem to waterbirds during and for some months after the annual hunting season.

Western Australia

The WA Water Authority and Department of Conservation and Land Management are collaborating on an intensive investigation of environmental management aspects of public water supply abstraction in the Millstream National Park. A principal objective is to determine the maximum water yield that can be achieved without adversely affecting the wetland's peculiar flora and fauna. Millstream is an outstanding area of permanent river pools and springs in the semi-arid tropics and is listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia.

The WA Environmental Protection Authority, through its environmental impact assessment process, seeks to minimise the impacts of urban, industrial, agricultural and other developments on the values and functions of wetlands in Western Australia. Where substantial impacts are unavoidable there is a requirement for replacement of those values and functions, either in the same locality or, if that is not practicable, elsewhere. Alternatively, the requirement may be to secure for conservation other comparable wetlands within the local area. A recent example of this policy in practice is the requirement for the Main Roads Department to fund the purchase of c180 hectares of land containing c100 hectares of wetlands for inclusion in the proposed Jandakot Botanic Park as compensation for the loss of wetlands associated with extension of the Kwinana Freeway south of Perth.

The Environmental Protection Authority and the Department of Planning and Urban Development (now the Ministry for Planning) have jointly developed a set of guidelines for use by planners so that environmental impacts can be better managed where development is to proceed. The document, Environmental Planning Referral and Implementation Guidelines, published in 1994, pays particular attention to the needs of wetlands and gives guidance on such aspects as identifying the presence of a wetland and determining its boundary, defining the extent of a wetland buffer, determining wetland management categories and managing likely impacts.

Management priorities have been determined and promoted for most of the wetlands in the Wedge Island to Mandurah area of the Swan Coastal Plain through broadsheets, maps, reports and the water resources planning and strategic planning roles of the WA Water Authority. A State development control policy prepared in 1989 for sensitive water resource areas, including wetlands, continues to be applied.

The publishing of wetland mapping, classification and evaluation information and water sensitive design guidelines, together with the preparation of water resource management plans (eg for the Lake Forrestdale Ramsar site area) and the provision of water resource management advice during the development approval process, assists in the protection of major and minor wetlands as well as regional water resources. The WA Water Authority strategic drainage and planning section encourages and assists developers to prepare development plans which protect, conserve or sustainably utilise wetlands.

The responsible utilisation and maintenance of natural and artificial basin and channel wetlands for nutrient stripping is being encouraged. The WA Water Authority is also supporting the use of indigenous, rather than introduced, wetland plants in constructed wetlands.

Since December 1992, environmental management students of the School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, have published three reports assessing wetland resources and recommending management arrangements for wetlands in the Canning, Cockburn and Melville municipalities of Perth. Previous reports in the series covered wetlands of the Gingin, Chittering, Wanneroo, Mandurah, Murray and Serpentine-Jarrahdale Shires of the Swan Coastal Plain. This work has been supported by the WA Water Authority, Environmental Protection Authority, Local Government and local communities.

Three significant migratory shorebird habitats remain on the Swan River (Perth), namely Point Waylen/Alfred Cove, Pelican Point and Milyu. These have been designated as marine park and nature reserves and a management plan is being prepared by CALM. One of the key issues to be addressed is disturbance of roosting sites and feeding grounds by people and dogs.

The Swan River Trust, Canning City Council, WA Ministry for Planning and CALM have succeeded in controlling a major infestation of the introduced aquatic plant Hydrocotyle ranunculoides in the Canning River Regional Park near Perth. Ongoing improvements to drainage management by the Council have also assisted in reducing the incidence of severe blooms of unicellular algae in the Park. In 1995 there were some waterbird deaths in a drain that discharges into the lower reaches of the Canning River. These deaths may have been due to poisoning, however tests have been inconclusive. The Swan River Trust is working to improve the quality of water from this catchment.

CALM has recently erected a fence around the nationally significant Brixton Street wetlands to prevent further rubbish dumping and damage by vehicles. The Friends of Brixton Street community group has received a grant to prepare management guidelines for the wetlands and CALM has erected reserve signs. These wetlands support several threatened plant species.

With funding from ANCA, the WA Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) has recently produced a scientific report on the conservation values of gypsum dunes in the south-western wheatbelt. Gypsum dunes are produced by wind action on the sediments of dry salt lakes and are commonly found on their margins. The dunes and their margins support unique plant communities including several rare species. The flora of dunes varies in composition, both between regions and between sites within the same region. These dune communities and their margins are increasingly threatened by pressure to mine and by rising watertables. The report recommends that potential impacts be thoroughly assessed on a site by site basis before decisions are made on whether to allow mining (refer comment 3.4a in Appendix 1).

A report entitled Guidelines for design of effective buffers for wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain has recently been completed by a consultant to the WA Department of Conservation and Land Management. This report, funded by ANCA, gives useful guidance to wetland managers, land use planners and others concerning the determination of appropriate buffer widths for the protection of wetland values and wetland health on the Swan Coastal Plain in south-western Australia.

The Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia contains a diverse array of mainly freshwater wetlands including the Ramsar sites of Lake Forrestdale, Thomsons Lake, Peel-Harvey Estuary, the Yalgorup Lakes and the Vasse-Wonnerup wetlands. A further 20 wetlands and wetland systems are also listed in the 1993 edition of the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. The Swan Coastal Plain is also the most densely populated region of Western Australia and land use pressures are intense. As a consequence many wetlands have been lost or degraded. Those that remain face a number of threats including altered water regimes, excessive nutrient inputs, clearing of natural vegetation and weed invasion. In order for these wetlands to be protected and better managed, sound knowledge is required of their location, hydrology, biota and the processes that sustain them. In 1988, the Western Australian Water Authority, Environmental Protection Authority and Australian Water Resources Advisory Council initiated five research projects designed to provide the necessary information. Each project ran for at least three years and total funding was $1.2 million. The results are being published in seven volumes, with five of these being published from 1993 to 1995. The seven titles are (Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain) "Their nature and management", "Wetland mapping classification and management" (unpublished), "Interaction between lakes, wetlands and unconfined aquifers", "The effect of altered water regimes on wetland plants", "Managing Perth's wetlands to conserve the aquatic fauna", "Wetland classification on the basis of water quality and invertebrate community data" and "Waterbird usage of wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain".

In addition to preparing management plans for Ramsar sites, the WA Department of Conservation and Land Management has recently prepared, or is in the process of preparing, management plans for a number of wetlands and wetland systems listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (ANCA 1993). These include Fitzgerald River National Park, Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Shark Bay Marine Reserves, Swan Estuary Marine Park, Canning River Regional Park, Lake Muir Nature Reserve and the Byenup wetland system Nature Reserves.

4. International cooperation

4.1 International Consultations on Shared Wetlands

The northern most part of Australia's territorial waters is adjacent to the Tonda Ramsar site in southern Papua New Guinea, which itself is adjacent to the Wasur National Park in Irian Jaya. ANCA and AusAID are supporting a project being managed by the World Wide Fund for Nature (Australia) aimed at developing cooperative management initiatives, including training, for managers within the these reserve areas and Kakadu National Park, Australia's northernmost Ramsar-listed wetland. The project is focussing particularly on the indigenous peoples associated with the three reserves.

4.2 International Consultations on Shared Wetland Species

Migratory bird species are Australia's primary shared wetland resource in terms of number of species and number of nations covered. However marine turtles, marine mammals (such as Dugong), and cetaceans also migrate between Australia and its near neighbours. Through the two bilateral migratory bird agreements between Japan and China, (the Japan-Australia and China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreements), Australia is progressing international cooperation in relation to migratory bird conservation, with the aim of protecting certain migratory species and their important habitat areas.

At the 7th Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement Consultative Meeting, in Tokyo in November 1993, Australia formally proposed that a regional workshop be convened to discuss waterbird conservation in the East-Asian Australasian Flyway. Australia participated in the five day workshop which was held in Kushiro in December 1994. The workshop focused on the development of the Asia- Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy, known as the 'Kushiro Initiative'. This initiative called for the development of an umbrella strategy for the conservation of migratory waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific, a series of Action Plans to conserve species or species groups and the development of site networks along important flyways to manage appropriately sites of importance to these species or groups of species. As part of the Strategy, Australia is involved in the development of the Action Plan for migratory shorebirds. The Action Plan, in turn, calls for the development of site networks for the species groups. Australia has taken the lead in the developing such a site Network for Shorebirds as part of the Shorebird Action Plan. The site network is called the East Asian - Australasian Shorebird Reserve Network and will be launched at the 6th Conference of Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention.

In June 1995, Australia hosted the 8th JAMBA Consultative Meeting in conjunction with the 6th CAMBA Consultative Meeting at Coolum, Queensland. At these meetings member countries progressed discussion for countries to recognise the benefits of a multilateral flyway approach to the conservation of waterbirds.

In 1993, a report entitled A National Strategy for Shorebird Conservation in Australia was released. This report, funded by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), assembled data collected by the Royal Australasian Ornithologist's Union and the Australasian Wader Studies Group and provided a review of the status of the important areas for shorebirds in Australia. The report enables more informed land management decisions to be made for sites of significance for shorebirds and will form a basis for possible nomination of sites to the East Asian-Australasian Shorebird Reserve Network.

4.3 Ramsar Wetland Conservation Fund

Australia has not provided any additional voluntary contributions to the Wetland Conservation Fund but has provided financial support to assist countries within the region. These funds have been provided as top-up funds to assist both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea in hosting a wetland managers training workshops and support for the development of management plans at Wasur and Berbak National Parks.

Australia has also provided funding (AUS$20 770) to the Asian Wetland Bureau's Oceania Program, to assist in the recruitment of South Pacific countries to the Ramsar Convention.

4.4 Comments on the role of Development Agencies in wetland conservation

The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) manages Australia's overseas aid program. Its aim is to promote ecologically sustainable development in developing countries in response to Australia's humanitarian, foreign policy and commercial interests. The Australian aid budget in 1995/96 is $1.563 billion. In 1994/95, some $160 million was spent on environment-related projects - an increase of $40 million in two years.

AusAID's activities are planned and implemented within the framework of Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD). In October 1994 the Minister for Development Cooperation and Pacific Island Affairs released an updated ESD policy statement titled "Towards a Sustainable Development" for Australia's development cooperation program. This policy is guided by Agenda 21 and the National ESD Strategy. The updated ESD policy emphasises a holistic approach to development, one which recognises the essential linkages between the economic and social dimensions of development, conservation and management of resources and strengthening the role of major groups.

AusAID implements a comprehensive system of environmental assessment in the planning, design and implementation of aid projects. These comply with the Commonwealth's Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974. Environmental audits and reviews are also carried out. AusAID's internal environmental assessment procedures identify wetlands as "environmentally sensitive areas" and this ensures that projects impacting on wetlands receive adequate environmental assessment including reference under relevant Commonwealth legislation as appropriate.

AusAID considers wetland ecosystems as an integral component of biodiversity conservation. Projects for biodiversity conservation are funded under four mechanisms:

5. Wetland reserves and training

5.1 Establishment of Wetland Reserves

New South Wales

Protected areas in NSW are declared under the National Parks and Wildlife Act. Areas are reserved for a range of reasons, from protection of endangered flora and fauna, to unique geological forms. The criteria for reservation includes unique and important wetlands. The NSW Government is in the process of gazetting 24 new parks, and 7 of these contain significant wetlands. Three of the wetland areas were reserved in December 1995, and they are: Cudgen Nature Reserve, additions to Bongil Bongil National Park on the far North Coast and Eurobodalla National Park on the South Coast. They include estuaries, coastal lagoons, beaches and rocky shores used by waterfowl and migratory waders. The remaining four proposals are also coastal. In all cases, the wetlands are a major reason for the creation of the reserves. Significant wetlands on public land within NSW may also occur on Crown Forestry Reserves or on Water Board catchment lands.

Northern Territory

An additional area of 7690 ha of wetlands on the Mary River floodplain has been set aside for conservation management. This site will add significant new wetland habitats to the already substantial wetland conservation estate in the region (more than 25% of seasonal floodplain environments in the western Top End are within reserves), as an element of a proposed Mary River National Park of more than 119 000 ha. Management plans are currently being developed for the park as a whole.

Queensland

Information on the establishment and area of wetlands in reserves were not available in previous years. At June 1995, terrestrial reserves in the Queensland National Park Estate contained 128 252 ha of permanently inundated wetlands, and approximately 400 000 ha, if all lands subject to inundation are included. About 124 Parks contained significant wetland areas, with 56 Parks adjoining the coast. Six National Parks contain more than 1000 ha of wetland. Queensland also protects significant coastal wetlands within Marine Parks and Fish Habitat Areas.

Victoria

Conservation reserves are established on public land in Victoria through a land-use planning review process undertaken by the Victorian Land Conservation Council (LCC). No new wetland reserves have been established in Victoria during the last three years. The total area of wetlands (> 1 ha in size) currently in conservation reserves (including national and other parks) in the state is estimated to be 172 000 ha (this figure includes the total area of wetlands which are only partially included in conservation reserves). This represents 27 % of the total area and 5% of the number of wetlands in the state (DCNR Wetlands Data Base).

In its 1994 land-use review of the Melbourne Study Area District 2, the LCC made the following land- use recommendations for sites within or abutting the Western Port Ramsar site. These recommendations are yet to be considered by Government.

A11 French Island (Western Port): that French Island State Park be upgraded to national park status and be enlarged from 7700 ha to 9760 ha including an intertidal area of 960 ha.

A27 Phillip Island (Western Port): an area of about 2400 ha of Phillip Island including the intertidal areas of Swan Bay and Rhyll - Newhaven (wildlife reserve) be reserved as state park.

C40 North Western Port: North Western Port Wildlife Reserve be managed as a nature conservation reserve and be enlarged from 1650 ha to 1810 ha and include an area extending 150 metres off shore together with Moodys Inlet, Quail and Chinaman Islands.

The 1995 Proposed Recommendations of the Land Conservation Council's Marine and Coastal Special Investigation have recommended the establishment of additional protected areas over shallow areas of Western Port and along the open coast. A report of Final Recommendations is due to be released at the end of 1996.

Western Australia

In Western Australia, seven new Nature Reserves providing legal protection to wetlands within their boundaries have been declared since December 1992. All are vested in the Western Australian National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority for the legal purpose of Conservation of Flora and Fauna. The total reserved area is approximately 125 000 hectares. Six of the reserves are as follows (the seventh reserve is listed under Section 2.2 of this report).

In 1995, the WA Minister for Planning announced the Government's intention to progressively establish a six part, 3 800 hectare "Botanic Park" in the Jandakot area south of Perth. This Regional Park will provide for a wide range of existing and proposed land uses and activities including Jandakot airport, Canning Vale and Casuarina prisons, recreation, groundwater protection and nature conservation. Two principal objectives of the Park are to provide protection for banksia woodlands and wetlands which are representative of the natural Jandakot environment and to protect an associated wide diversity of flora and fauna, including threatened species such as the Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa and Purdy's Donkey Orchid Diuris purdiei. There is considerable floristic variation between individual wetlands and some of the vegetation complexes represented are now rare on the Swan Coastal Plain. The Park will provide protection for Gibbs Road Swamp, a highly rated waterbird breeding area listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. The Department of Conservation and Land Management will ultimately be responsible for managing the conservation lands within the Park and for coordinating overall management (refer comment 5.1a in Appendix 1)

The mining company, Alcoa of Australia, owns a substantial portion of the nationally significant Spectacle Swamps, south of Perth, and proposes to lease this land to CALM to be managed for conservation and passive recreation. Alcoa has spent $250,000 on providing a boardwalk, observation hide, walk trails and information shelters for visitors. The WA Ministry for Planning has recently purchased the remainder of the site and this will be gazetted as conservation reserve.

During the past three years, the WA Ministry for Planning has revised the North East and South West Corridor Structure Plans to allow for orderly expansion of the Perth metropolitan area. As part of the review process, environmental audits were prepared by consultants to the Ministry with input from various agencies including the Department of Conservation and Land Management and the Water Authority of Western Australia. Community-based conservation groups also had input into the structure planning process. Based on these audits and community input the structure plans identified many areas of high conservation significance, including many wetlands. The revised Structure Plans have recently come into force through amendments to the statutory Metropolitan Region Scheme. Areas newly reserved as a consequence of these amendments include the Jandakot Botanic Park, the Spectacles, Wellard, Tamworth and Anstey Swamps, the Leda and Paganoni wetlands, Port Kennedy, Rockingham Lakes Regional Park, the lower Serpentine River and adjoining lakes (SW Corridor) and a suite of wetlands adjacent to Ellenbrook (NE Corridor). All of these areas contain or otherwise help to protect significant wetlands and wetland systems, including several listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (refer comment 5.1b in Appendix 1).

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the WA Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) undertook an assessment of the adequacy of the State's conservation reserve system and made recommendations to Government for a more representative set of conservation reserves. For the purposes of the assessment the State was divided into 12 "systems", one of which (System 6) covered the most densely populated areas of the Swan Coastal Plain and Darling Range north and south of Perth. Following an extensive period of study, public consultation and review, the EPA released a comprehensive set of conservation reserve proposals in the System 6 Red Books. These were endorsed by State Government in 1984 and many have since been implemented. Many significant wetland areas have been reserved and/or managed in accordance with an environmental management plan as a result of the System 6 recommendations.

In recent years concern has been expressed about the slow rate of implementation and the now outdated nature of some of the System 6 recommendations. As a consequence, the EPA has recently instigated a review and update of the System 6 (and part System 1) recommendations. This began in 1995, is expected to take three years to complete and is designed to ensure that the conservation reserve system is representative of the ecological communities of the region. Wetlands are a dominant feature in the coastal portion of System 6 and are likely to feature prominently in any recommendations for achieving a more representative conservation reserve system.

5.2.1 Essential Character of Wetlands and the Need for Zonation Related to Wetland Reserves

The Federally-funded National Wetland Program aims to encourage the preparation of management plans for all Ramsar and other wetland areas. In funding management planning projects, ANCA has called for the recognition of the essential character of wetlands and the need to incorporate appropriate zone areas for the management of these sites.

Queensland

Moreton Bay

The Moreton Bay Marine Park Zoning Plan is being developed. The Zoning Plan defines the zones of a Marine Park and describes how these may be used. It lists the objectives for each zone and which activities may occur "as-of-right" as well as those for which permits are required. Designated areas allow for special management of some locations. Zoning Plans are prepared as subordinate legislation to the Marine Parks Act 1982 and Regulation, so they are legally enforceable. Four zones have been defined fro the Moreton Bay Marine Park. Three of these are protected area categories which recognise high conservation values, yet allow for different levels of use: National Park (NPZ), Conservation Park (CPZ), and Estuarine Conservation (ECZ) Zones. The General Use Zone (GUZ) is applied to areas of lesser known conservation value or areas where other uses preclude a more protective zoning. A series of maps show the boundaries of the zones. The terrestrial National Park areas have protection as set out in the Nature Conservation Act 1992.

Victoria

In its 1995 Marine and Coastal Special Investigation, the LCC made the following draft recommendations for the zoning of sites within or abutting Victorian Ramsar sites. These draft recommendations are undergoing a public consultation phase before being finalised and presented for Government consideration. The zones covering intertidal and subtidal areas are:

Conservation Zone (conservation and protection of marine flora and fauna, ecological processes and representative habitats)

General Protection Zone (conservation of marine flora, fauna and their habitats) General Use Zone (provide for a diverse range of recreational and commercial activities consistent with the long term sustainability of the marine environment).

It is proposed that utilisation of biological resources would be permitted within these zones subject to a management plan. In addition, Special Management Areas have been identified in the proposed recommendations, with the intention that the manager ensures that specified values are protected.

Special Management Areas (protection of particular values)

The landward margins of some sites where a coastal reserve is present have also been zoned as follows:

General Use Zone (provide recreation opportunities for large numbers of people consistent with conserving coastal landscapes and ecosystems)

Coastal Protection Zone (protection of natural and cultural values of beaches and foreshore)

Implementation of the final recommendations is subject to Government acceptance.

Western Australia

Wild populations of the critically endangered Western Swamp Tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) are restricted to the Ellenbrook and Twin Swamps nature reserves of Bullsbrook near Perth. CALM has recently completed erection of a $250,000 vermin proof fence around the Ellenbrook reserve, primarily to protect the tortoises from the introduced Fox (Vulpes vulpes). The WA Water Authority has funded ($35 000) the installation of a groundwater bore, pump and pipes to supplement water levels in the swamps and thereby assist tortoise breeding. An assessment of the prevalence of "dieback" (Phytophthora cinnamomi) in the reserves has also begun. With ANCA financial assistance, CALM has also prepared and is implementing a Recovery Plan for the tortoise. The WA Department of Environmental Protection has drafted an Environmental Protection Policy to protect the tortoise's habitats from potentially degrading external influences.

The WA Water Authority has recently completed a major review of environmental water allocations for wetlands (and upland vegetation) of the Gnangara Mound, a major aquifer north of the Swan Coastal Plain and one of Perth's most important sources of potable water. Criteria intended to ensure that important wetlands on the Mound received adequate water for maintenance of natural and other values were revised in the light of knowledge gained from the seven "Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain" publications referred to in section 3.4. The review document is now being assessed by the WA Environmental Protection Authority.

Groundwater is also abstracted for public and private use from the Jandakot Mound, south of Perth. Here too, the WA Water Authority is required to meet specific environmental criteria aimed at ensuring appropriate water regimes for a number of important wetlands, including the Ramsar-listed Forrestdale and Thomsons Lakes, other wetlands in the Beeliar chain and wetlands of the recently announced Jandakot Botanic Park.

In December 1993, the WA Government established a Legislative Council Select Committee on Metropolitan Development and Groundwater Supplies to enquire into measures necessary to protect Perth's precious groundwater resources while still allowing for development and expansion of the metropolitan area. Many of Perth's wetlands (including the Lake Forrestdale and Thomsons Lake Ramsar sites) are hydrologically connected to the unconfined Gnangara and Jandakot ground water "mounds" and protection of these ground waters from pollution is essential for the maintenance of wetland health. The Select Committee reported to Parliament in December 1994, recommending inter alia that "whole of government" policies be prepared for these areas, integrating the policies and actions of key agencies such as the Water Authority, Ministry for Planning and Environmental Protection Authority. The Committee made reference to the Jandakot Land Use and Water Management Strategy previously developed by the Ministry for Planning and recommended that a similar strategy for the Gnangara groundwater mound be developed. The Committee strongly recommended the establishment of a groundwater protection priority area on the Gnangara mound where development would not be permitted. The Committee's recommendations have been accepted by Government and purchase of land has commenced in the Lake Pinjar area. The Water Authority may spend up to $10 million and the Ministry for Planning $3 million on adding land over the mound to the conservation estate.

5.2.2 Measures to Promote Public Awareness of Wetland Values in Wetland Reserves

During the 1995-96 financial year, in response to growing community interest in wetland conservation and the Ramsar Convention, ANCA is providing funding, through the National Wetlands Program, to State and Territory Governments for the establishment of interpretative signs at some of Australia's Ramsar wetland reserves. It is envisaged that these signs will assist to raise the national profile of these wetlands, the Ramsar Convention and wetland conservation generally.

New South Wales

A number of NSW Government agencies have education programs relating to wetlands. The NSW NPWS has a general education program on the importance of wetlands, which is implemented by the Districts which directly manage each protected area. In 1994, to promote the importance of inland wetlands and raise awareness of the issues facing the Macquarie Marshes in particular, a concert was held in the Marshes. Bushwalks and talks were organised as part of a whole weekend of celebration of the Marshes. NPWS also has a regular educational program which operates in school holidays, known as the Discovery Program. The focus of Discovery in Summer 95/96 is on wetlands, and the relevant Districts will conduct tours and arrange talks to promote the value of wetlands.

Other recent initiatives include:

The Shortlands Wetlands Centre is an education centre in the Hexham wetlands, near Newcastle. It is an independent incorporated body, with a number of teachers from the Department of Education in residence. It is active in producing resource materials, for example a computer package titled "Window on the Wetlands" and materials in foreign languages. The Centre also conducts "Project Egret Watch", a research program into the breeding biology, ecology and migration of egrets, which includes a community education component. The Centre is also involved with Wetland Link International, which promotes wetland education throughout centres globally.

Other non-government organisations in NSW which contribute significantly to promoting public awareness of wetlands, include the RAOU, National Parks Association, Inland Rivers Network, Coast and Wetlands Society, and WWF.

Northern Territory

Public awareness of wetland issues in the Northern Territory has been heightened by the recent opening of three significant information centers. The "Window on the Wetlands" at Beatrice Hill overlooking the Adelaide River floodplain gives details of wetlands attractions in the region. It emphasises the wise use concept and includes interactive displays and touchscreen computers giving information on wetland flora, fauna, and ecological processes. Two major visitor centres in Kakadu National Park incorporate substantial displays and interpretive material relating to wetlands. Indeed, the Warradjan Cultural Centre at Cooinda has been constructed in the form of the Pig-nosed Turtle (Carettochelys insculpta), a wetland animal of considerable significance to local Aboriginal people.

Queensland

Queensland has undertaken a number of initiatives, including enhancement of public awareness of coastal wetlands through the construction of boardwalks at a number of coastal centres including Cairns, Hinchinbrook, Townsville and Brisbane. Interpretive signs are to be erected at Queensland's Ramsar sites to increase public awareness of the importance of these wetlands. The WaterWise program, in conjunction with the New South Wales Government, has produced a series of educational materials including information on wetlands.

South Australia

A notable success is the community project at Tolderol Game Reserve on Lake Alexandrina, where Ducks Unlimited and local landholders have taken up management of the existing irrigation bays to create excellent wetland habitat. Increasing numbers and variety of species of waders and waterbirds are attracting birdwatchers from long distances.

Tasmania

Another project funded by ANCA will provide interpretive signs to be erected at all Ramsar sites to increase public awareness and interest.

Victoria

A major wetlands education centre is operated by DCNR at Serendip Sanctuary 60 km west of Melbourne. The 250 hectare site has operated for over 20 years as a captive breeding and game research centre. The site was redeveloped in 1990 and now includes examples of wetlands of several different types, bird hides, a visitor information centre and an education service. The Victorian Wetlands Trust has supported the management of Serendip through the establishment of a number of Friends Groups. Visitor information centres at other DCNR managed locations including Tower Hill Wildlife Reserve and the Grampians National Park include wetland components in their displays.

Where appropriate, information boards are installed at high profile locations in DCNR managed conservation reserves. High quality information boards were installed by DCNR in 1994 to promote community appreciation of the natural hypersaline wetlands (listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands) in the Victorian Wimmera.

The ANCA have agreed to fund the installation of information boards promoting an understanding of Ramsar and wetlands conservation at each Victorian Ramsar site, and the production of a supporting colour brochure identifying the State's Ramsar sites.

A minor wetlands visitor centre is operated by local Government in Sale, close to Sale Common (part of the Gippsland Lakes Ramsar site). A major wetlands education centre is proposed for the site by a consortium of local Government and interested businesses and individuals.

Western Australia

In March 1994, the Cockburn Wetlands Education Centre on the Beeliar chain of wetlands south of Perth was officially opened. Construction of this $300 000 educational facility was an initiative of the Wetlands Conservation Society of Western Australia and was funded by grants from the Gordon Reid Foundation, the Commonwealth Government, City of Cockburn and WA Lotteries Commission.

During the past three years, Alcoa of Australia has funded the construction of a boardwalk, observation hide, walking trails and information shelters for visitors to the Spectacle Swamps south of Perth. The Department of Conservation and Land Management assisted in aspects of the design and location. The total works cost approximately $250 000 to complete. The Spectacles are listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (ANCA 1993).

5.3 Education and Training

Under the National Wetlands Program, ANCA is providing funding to assist in the development of a Wetland Manager's Resources Library through which management related research projects are funded and results disseminated. Over the past three years ANCA has provided funding for the development of a Wetlands Management Techniques Manual, guidelines for effective wetland buffer zones and research into the effects of lakebed cropping.

The joint ANCA and Murray-Darling Basin Commission Newsletter Wetlands Australia has been used as an avenue to disseminate information to wetland managers and the wider community. The biannual newsletter has wide distribution to wetland interest groups and individuals within Australia and overseas.

In early 1995 ANCA produced a series of key wetland information sheets on the values of wetlands, threats, the Ramsar Convention, how the Convention is implemented in Australia as well as providing information on key wetland initiatives in Australia. Up to 5,000 information sheets were distributed to key wetland interest groups, members of Parliament, government agencies, local councils, schools and the community. In addition, ANCA produced a Wetland Speakers Kit covering various topics as outlined in the information sheets widely available upon request.

The Waterwatch Program is a Commonwealth-funded environmental education program which encourages widespread community participation in monitoring the quality of water as a means of creating and enhancing community ownership and empathy towards total catchment management. With the support of State and Territory Governments, up to 1,100 Waterwatch groups involving nearly 32,000 people are active across Australia.

Northern Territory

Exposure to wetland issues are incorporated in most tertiary education programs relating to natural resource management. For example, the Environmental Management unit for 3rd year science students at the Northern Territory University currently includes a series of lectures and assignments based on multiple-use issues and practises on the Mary River wetlands.

Queensland

Exposure to wetland ecology and issues are incorporated in primary, secondary and tertiary education. The Department of Education has a number of Field Study Centres throughout Queensland catering for primary and secondary levels, at least three of which are based in wetland areas. Excursions to study wildlife and their habitat are conducted at these Centres. Tertiary centres in Brisbane and Townsville provide marine and freshwater studies in their curricula.

Tasmania

In 1994 the Waterfowl Identification Test was introduced and has been phased in over two years. The test is the same as that used in other States and tests the hunter's ability to differentiate the legal game species.

Victoria

A Manual for Wetland Managers is currently being completed by DCNR with funding provided by the ANCA States Cooperative Assistance Program. The Manual aims to provide background information for wetland managers nationally, to guide decision making on wetland management issues. It is written from a Victorian point of view but is based on international literature and advice from experts as well as the experience of Victorian practitioners. The Manual comprises six chapters: Fire and Wetlands; Livestock Grazing in Wetlands; Landscape Assessment; Aquaculture and Wetlands; Restoration of Fresh Water Wetlands; Water Management in Fresh Water Wetlands. The draft chapters have been completed and are currently subject to a review by independent experts. The Manual is expect to be complete in 1996 when it will be added to the ANCA national wetland managers resource library.

Western Australia

In Western Australia, educational programs and activities involving wetlands and wetland resources (in the broadest sense) are undertaken by numerous State Government agencies including the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Water Authority, Waterways Commission, Swan River Trust, Department of Environment of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Western Australian Museum and Department of Fisheries. Local Government, private enterprise, community groups and individuals also play a major role, some of the most prominent being City of Cockburn, Alcoa of Australia, Reynolds Gold Corporation (RGC), Conservation Council of WA, Wetland Conservation Society, Gould League and Greening Western Australia. The Herdsman (Gould League), Cockburn (Wetlands Conservation Society) and Capel (RGC) wetland education centres are focal points for raising public awareness of wetland values. These programs, activities and educational centres are accessible to wide spectrum of the population.

Formal training courses on various aspects of wetland characteristics, functioning, monitoring and management are provided by Curtin University of technology, Edith Cowan and Murdoch Universities, the University of Western Australia, the Technical and Further Education system and in some primary and secondary schools. The "Ribbons of Blue" and "Waterwatch" programs encourage and facilitate monitoring of rivers, streams and lakes by school and community groups and have proved to be effective mechanisms for raising community awareness of water quality issues on a catchment scale.

6. General comments on the convention and its implementation

6.1 Comments on the Implementation of the Convention and its Effectiveness

In the last five years there has been a noticeable escalation in wetland conservation and management initiatives in Australia. Australia's offer to host the Sixth Conference of Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention has raised the public profile of wetlands conservation, and has contributed to a greater community awareness of the important ecological, social and economic values of wetlands. All levels of government are being encouraged to provide greater commitment to wetland conservation and management.

The commitment of the Commonwealth Government is reflected in the last two Commonwealth budgets where a total of $8.1m over 5 years has been allocated to the National Wetlands Program administered by the Australian Nature Conservation Agency. Priorities for the program include the preparation of management plans for Australia's Ramsar wetlands, development of a national picture of wetlands, and education activities.

While the Conference has created significant positive exposure for wetland conservation, there is continuing concern over the rate at which wetlands are being lost or degraded in Australia. As a nation we have, largely through ignorance, destroyed or significantly modified more than half of our precious wetland resources.

The Commonwealth Government is now giving due recognition to wetland issues as part of the environmental impact assessment process. ANCA has been made aware of, and provided comment on, approximately 200 development proposals that may impact on wetlands over the past 12 months. These proposals have either been referred under the Commonwealth's Environmental Protection (Impact Proposals) Act 1974, or forwarded directly by the proponent or concerned individuals. In some of these cases the international obligations imposed by the Ramsar Convention, Bonn Convention and Australia's two bilateral migratory bird agreements with Japan and China, provide a useful mechanism to trigger further investigation and assessment.

In an effort to have wetlands wisely managed and used, the Commonwealth Government endeavours to adopt a consistent national approach to ensure that Ramsar's principles and practices are effectively implemented in Australia. The development of a Commonwealth Wetlands Policy is seen as the first step in aligning the Commonwealth Government's policies and programs that may impact on wetlands. It is hoped that through this process, the State and Territory Governments will be encouraged to adopt complementary policies of their own (see Section 3.1).

New South Wales

As noted with regard to the Macquarie Marshes, the major difficulty experienced is that wetland management relies on effective catchment management, which is a question that can only be resolved by effective intergovernmental cooperation. This is manifested in other ways - the erosion problems at Towra Point are the result of engineering works on the opposite site of a large coastal inlet. These cases highlight the fact that wetlands management is broader than just controlling activities within the wetlands themselves, and there is a need to develop an effective means of integrated resource management to address these issues.

The focus of the Convention on the wise use of wetlands does allow a considerable degree of flexibility in trying to achieve the respective goals for each wetland.

Western Australia

In Western Australia, the Ramsar Convention has proven to be an effective mechanism for focussing government and community attention on the values, threats and management needs of the State's internationally and nationally significant wetlands. The Convention also provides useful moral support for efforts to conserve and wisely manage wetlands generally.

Commonwealth Government financial support for the development of management plans for Western Australia's Ramsar sites has been welcome and appropriate. A substantial increase in Commonwealth financial assistance to the State is needed to conduct investigations necessary for preparation of soundly-based plans, for completion of plans to a satisfactory standard, and for actual on-ground management.

6.2 Comments on the Future Role of the Convention and its Implementation

The Australian Commonwealth Government is pleased to note the growing number of Contracting Parties to the Convention, and through cooperation hopes to be able to encourage additional Parties to join from the East Asia and South Pacific region. The move towards development of a Strategic Plan for the Convention is also viewed as a positive and timely initiative, and one which can assist the Convention grow in a directed manner, in cooperation with other international agreements and regional strategies.

Australia has noted the substantial positive role of the Convention in raising national awareness of the significance of wetlands and the need for wise use management of these precious resources. As the Convention grows, Australia is concerned that it continues to operate on its well established principles of cooperation and encouragement of Contracting Parties, and that it operates in a manner which is able to take into account the particular needs and aspirations of its very diverse client group.

Australia is also supportive of the Convention's move toward a broader focus on wetlands of all types and values, and the growing recognition that wetlands cannot be managed in isolation of their surrounding catchments. The move to further encourage community empowerment for the management of local wetlands is warmly endorsed by Australia.

Australia would hope that the future directions of the Convention will allow it to continue as a far- sighted, responsive and comprehensive framework for promoting the cooperation of all Contracting Parties towards the wise use of wetlands.

New South Wales

A significant barrier to effective wetlands management is a lack of knowledge, for example, research on the Macquarie Marshes has illustrated the issues in this area and has provided a basis for an improved management program. Without knowledge of the issues and some hard evidence, it is difficult to place a high priority on management and protection of wetlands. NSW would support moves to place a higher priority on research as a strategy towards conservation of wetlands.

Western Australia

The Kushiro Statement was adopted in 1993 as the basis for the Contracting Parties' priorities in the 1994-96 triennium. Although progress has been made in undertaking the actions listed in the Kushiro Statement, much remains to be done at the international, national and regional levels. Assessment of wetland resources and values, identification of threats and development and implementation of protective and restorative mechanisms remain key issues to be addressed.

Appendix 1

Comments from non-government organisations represented on the Australian delegation to the 1996 Conference of Parties.

2.2a

Subdivision of the rural property referred to resulted in the loss of some 100ha of floodplain wetland on the western shore of the Wonnerup Estuary thus the reservation of 29 hectares on the Vasse- Wonnerup floodplain can only be considered as partial compensation.

2.2b

The Environment Protection Policy (EPP) referred to does not apply to all wetland types nor where a landholder objects to their site being registered. In some cases activities contrary to the EPP have been allowed to proceed without formal assessment.

2.2c

The ecological character of Lake Clifton within the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site is threatened by rural subdivision, irrigated agriculture and, potentially, mining.

2.2d

This Policy initiative is welcomed, however there is concern that it has not yet been implemented, and that it will be an entirely voluntary scheme.

2.3a

In 1995 a study presented evidence of a significant decline in breeding pairs of waterbirds since 1989 (when regular surveys commenced). There is an ongoing threat to the integrity of the Macquarie Marshes from irrigation development in the region, including the establishment of a cotton venture between the two reserve areas.

2.3b

Management problems at Towra Point include environmental weeds (primarily lantana and bitou bush), recreational horse riding and boating and fox predation (a threat to Little Tern breeding). Loss of seagrass in the adjoining marine reserve (not part of the Ramsar site) is also of concern, and may have implications for food supplies to waders and other wildlife in the long term.

2.3c

Outside the Ramsar boundary and primarily on the mainland, several significant high tide roost sites for waders have been lost or are substantially degraded. These changes undermine the overall value of the Ramsar site to wader populations.

2.3d

The very high salinity at Lake Corangamite, and the dramatic impact this has had on reducing waterbird numbers at the Lake.

2.3e

There is ongoing public concern about the potential threats to the ecological character of the Western Port Ramsar site from any spillage of oil products arising from the Shell-Mobil proposal and other shipping activities in the Bay. Particular concerns relate to the inability of current clean-up technology for oil spills to operate effectively in the shallow, confined waters of the Bay.

2.3f

There is concern that insufficient baseline monitoring was carried out prior to the Dawesville Channel project going ahead. A canal estate development, known as Port Mandurah Stage 2, has been approved by the Western Australian Government and may adversely effect the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site.

2.3g

Forrestdale and Thomson's Lakes

Forestdale Lake is threatened by frequent, almost annual fires. Part of this wetland complex has been lost to a golf course development, while other areas within the Reserve are being degraded by human recreational use.

Threats to Thomson's Lake include eutrophication, groundwater abstraction and catchment clearing. Fringing vegetation of Thomson's Lake has been declining recently, due to sustained high water levels. This may in turn reduce the value of the lake as waterbird habitat, particularly for Australasian Bittern. The East Thomson's Lake housing development is likely to impact on the Ramsar-listed area.

2.5a

The Swan River is severely polluted and has almost continual algal blooms. Developments which will exacerbate this problem are still being approved by the Western Australian Government, including the Belmont "Better Cities" housing development, located on a former rubbish tip.

2.5b

Lake Dumbleyung is threatened by its use as a disposal site for saline water from surrounding agricultural lands, and is subject to a proposal which would drain the Lake to relieve regional salinity problems.

2.5c

The long term protection of Creery wetlands near Mandurah has not been resolved. This environmentally significant site, which adjoins the Peel-Yalgorup Ramsar site, is threatened by a proposed canal-estate development.

2.5d

The Environment Protection Policy referred to has been dropped due to opposition from landholders.

3.4a

There are concerns over a proposal to mine gypsum in the Lake Chinocup nature reserve.

5.1a

Part of the proposed Park is under threat of land clearance for a rifle range.

5.1b

There are concerns with the reservation status of a number of wetlands in the Perth metropolitan region, viz:

Appendix 2: Summary of Australia's Ramsar-listed wetlands - as at 8 March 1996

LOCATION Latitude Longitude Area (ha) Wetland Type (refer key) Land Tenure Land Use Surrounding Land Use
1. Cobourg Peninsula Aboriginal Land and Wildlife Sanctuary 11°22'S 131°35'E 191,660 Marine & coastal 6, 7, 9, 3, 4, 5 Inland 2, 11 Aboriginal freehold, national park Aboriginal traditional use, nature conservation, recreation, pearl culturing, tourism Aboriginal traditional use, conservation, commercial fishing, pearl culturing, recreation
2. Kakadu National Park Stage I 12°45'S 132°40'E 667,000 Marine & coastal 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 Inland 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 15 Human made 1 National Park Aboriginal traditional use, conservation, tourism Mining of uranium, commercial fishing
3. Moulting Lagoon 42°05'S 148°10'E 3,930 Marine & coastal 6, 7, 8 Inland 1, 7, 8, 9 Crown Land - Game Reserve, private freehold Nature conservation, fishing, waterfowl hunting Grazing
4. Logan Lagoon Conservation Area 40°10'S 148°17'E 2,320 Marine & coastal 5, 10 Inland 2 State Reserve Nature conservation Livestock grazing
5. Sea Elephant Conservation Reserve 39°45'S 144°05'E 1,730 Marine & coastal 6, 7, 8 Inland 1, 10, 11 State Reserve Nature conservation, recreation Livestock grazing
6. Pittwater-Orielton Lagoon 42°47'S 147°30'E 2 920 Marine & coastal 6, 7, 8 Inland 1, 7 Crown Land Fishing, boating Residential, agriculture, livestock grazing
7. Apsley Marshes 41°56'S 148°12'E 940 Inland 8, 9 Marine & coastal 6 Private freehold Bird watching, duck shooting Livestock grazing, sport fishing
8. East-Coast Cape Barren Island Lagoons 40°22'S 148°23'E 4,230 Marine & coastal 10 Crown Land Nature conservation Grazing, recreation
9. Flood Plain Lower Ringarooma River 41°54'S 147°56'E 1,650 Inland 1, 8, 9 Private freehold to the east, Crown Land to the west, including approximately 200 ha temporary grazing lease Livestock grazing, some waterfowl hunting Grazing
10. Jocks Lagoon 41°21'S 148°18'E 70 Marine & coastal 11, 5 Part State Recreation Area, part private freehold Livestock grazing, recreational use, shooting Recreation
11. Northwestern Corner of Lake Crescent 42°09'S 147°10'E 270 Inland 8 Part private freehold, part Crown Reserve Sport, fishing, duck shooting, grazing Development, recreation
12. Little Waterhouse Lake 40°52'S 147°37'E 90 Marine & coastal 11 Crown land Recreation Area Recreational camping, fishing, duck shooting Recreation
13. Corner Inlet 38°45'S 146°32'E 51,500 Marine & coastal 1, 7, 8, 9 Marine Wildlife Reserve, Crown Land Conservation, port facilities, licensed waste discharges, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, bait collecting, recreation Forestry, grazing, dairying
14. Barmah Forest 35°50'S 145°10'E 28,500 Marine & coastal 11, 9, 2, 5 State Park, State Forest Conservation, recreation, education, river regulation, flood mitigation, duck shooting, forestry production Grazing, forestry, recreation
15. Gunbower Forest 35°50'S 144°20'E 19,450 Inland 11, 9, 2 Crown land - State Forest Timber production, grazing, conservation, recreation, apiculture, flood mitigation, sand and gravel supply Recreation, grazing
16. Hattah-Kulkyne Lakes 34°40'S 142°25'E 1 018 Inland 6, 4 National Park Conservation, recreation
17. Kerang Wetlands 35°40'S 143°55'E 9,172 Inland 5, 8, 9 Of the 22 wetlands 7 are State Wildlife Reserves, 8 are Water Supply Reserves, 3 are Salinity Disposal Reserves and 4 are Unspecified Crown land Nature conservation, recreation, saline water disposal, irrigation water storage and transport, duck hunting and sewage disposal Dryland and irrigation farming
18. Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula 38°08'S 144°36'E 7,000 Marine & coastal 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Inland 1, 8 Human made 7, 6 Private and public land - Marine Reserve, State Wildlife Reserve Recreation, nature conservation, sewage treatment, aquaculture, fishing, salt production Grazing, industry including oil refining, quarrying, salt production and Port facilities
19. Western Port 38°20'S 45°17'E 52,325 Marine & coastal 2, 7, 8, 9 Public land, coastal frontage Port facilities and ship movement, recreational, nature conservation, commercial fishing, source of coolant for industry and receiving waters for waste Grazing, market gardening, industry and urban development
20. Western District Lakes 38°10'S 143°30'E 30,182 Inland 7, 5 6 wetlands are State Wildlife Reserves, 3 are Lakes Reserves Nature conservation, recreation, duck shooting, some grazing (Lake Cundare), fishing, waster water dispersal (Lake Colongulac) Agriculture including grazing, dairying, cropping
21. Gippsland Lakes 38°00'S 147°36'E 43,046 Marine & coastal 10 Inland 7, 8 8 wetlands are State Wildlife Reserves, 5 are Crown Land Reserves, 1 is National Park Commercial and recreational fishing, water based recreation, tourism Agriculture, residential and tourism
22. Lake Albacutya 35°46'S 141°58'E 10,700 Inland 6 Crown Land - National Park Recreation, boating, fishing, shooting; lakebed cropping, grazing when dry Dryland farming (wheat and wool)
23. Towra Point Nature Reserve 34°00'S 151°10'E 281 Marine & coastal 5, 6, 7, 8 Crown Land - National Park Nature conservation Industrial use, sporting facilities
24. Kooragang Nature Reserve 32°51'S 151°46'E 2,206 Marine & coastal 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Inland 7 Crown Land - National Park Nature conservation, research, bird watching Heavy industry and pastoral activities
25. Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert 35°55'S 139°18'E 140,500 Inland 1, 5, 7 Crown Land (Unalienated Crown Land, Conservation Park, National Park, Game Reserve, Water Reserve) Conservation, recreation, camping, boating, duck hunting, commercial and recreational fishing. Grazing and light farming
26. Bool and Hacks Lagoon 37°08'S 140°42'E 3,200 Inland 9, 2, 5, 6 Crown land (Game Reserve, Conservation Park) Conservation, duck hunting Grazing, cropping
27. Coongie Lakes 27°20'S 140°00'E 1,980,000 Inland 2, 1, 6, 9, 10, 11 Crown land (Regional Reserve, all subject to pastoral lease) Cattle grazing, oil and gas production Grazing
28. Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve 30°45'S 147°33'E 18,200 Inland 9, 11 Crown land (National Park) Nature conservation, water supply Cattle and sheep grazing, cropping, irrigation water supply
29. 'Riverland' 33°02'S 140°51'E 30,600 Inland 1, 5, 6, 8, 9 Crown Land (Pastoral Lease, Forest Reserve, National Park and Game Reserve) Grazing, tourism, recreational boating (including houseboats) fishing, camping. Farming, horticulture, grazing
30. Kakadu National Park Stage II 12°30'S 132°30'E 692,940 Marine & coastal 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Inland 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 15 Aboriginal freehold - national park Aboriginal traditional use, conservation, tourism Mining for uranium, commercial fishing
31. Ord River Floodplain 15°10'S 128°20'E 102,000 Marine & coastal 7, 9, 11 Inland 1, 9 Nature Reserve Conservation, tourism, mining tenements, exploration for alluvial diamonds in progress Grazing
32. Lakes Argyle and Kununurra 16°25'S 128°45'E 150,000 Human made 1 Inland 1, 5 Reserve Water supply/ management, recreation, diamond mining, small commercial fishery Grazing, mining
33. Roebuck Bay 18°15'S 122°15'E 55,000 Marine & coastal 7 Unprotected marine waters Recreation, commercial fishing, industrial use, exploration permits for petroleum Grazing, mining, urban area
34. Eighty-mile Beach 19°30'S 120°40'E 125,000 Marine & coastal 7 Inland 7, 15 Crown Land (western part); pastoral lease (Anna Plains) Pastoral grazing, recreational, research Pastoral grazing
35. Forrestdale and Thomsons Lakes 32°10'S 115°56'E 754 Inland 7 Nature Reserve Nature conservation, recreation Urban residential, pasture grazing, small rural holdings, recreation
36. Peel-Yalgorup System 32°40'S 115°42'E 21,000 Marine & coastal 6 Inland 7, 5 Nature Reserve, National Park and marine waters Nature conservation, commercial fishing, recreation Urban residential, grazing
37. Lake Toolibin 32°55'S 117°36'E 437 Inland 11 Nature Reserve Nature conservation Pastoral grazing
38. Vasse-Wonnerup System 33°37'S 115°25'E 740 Marine & coastal 6 Vacant Crown Land, leasehold and Nature Reserve Nature conservation Sand mining, grazing, urban residential
39. Lake Warden System 33°49'S 121°55'E 2,300 Marine & coastal 10 Inland 7 Nature Reserve Nature conservation, recreation including waterskiing & sailing Pasture grazing, rural smallholdings, urban residential, light industry, recreation.
40. Hosnie's Spring 1 0°29'S 105°41'E <1 Marine & coastal 9 Inland 11, 15 National Park Nature conservation, tourism Phosphate mining, tourism
41. Moreton Bay 20 20' S 153 10' E 113,314 Marine and coastal 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 Inland 1, 6, 7, 5, 8 , 11, 12 Unallocated State Land, National or Conservation Park, Marine Park, Fish Habitat Areas, lccal government reserves. Fishing, recreation, tourism, port facilities, education, research Fishing, recreation, tourism, port facilities, mining, educational and research facilities
42. Bowling Green Bay 19 27' S 147 15' E 35,500 Marine & coastal 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Inland 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13 Human made 2, 4 National park, Fish Habitat Area Nature conservation, terrestrial area subject to some cattle grazing Nature conservation (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park), grazing
43. Currawinya Lakes 28o 45' S 144o 19' E 151,300
44. Shoalwater and Corio Bays 22o 16' S 150o 09' E 239,100
45. Ginini Flats 35o 31' S 148o 46' E 125
*46. Pulu Keeling
*47. Little Llangothlin Nature Reserve
*48. Blue Lake
*49. Lake Pinaroo
TOTAL AREA (APPROXIMATE) 4,994,200


*Note: As at 8 March 1996, the nomination of these sites has been approved only recently by their respective management authorities, and formal nominating documents are being sent to the Ramsar Bureau as soon as possible.

Key: Classification System for Wetland Types (Annex 2B to Recommendation C.4.7)

Marine and Coastal Wetlands

  1. Marine waters - permanent shallow waters less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits.
  2. Marine subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows.
  3. Coral reefs.
  4. Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs.
  5. Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems.
  6. Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas.
  7. Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats.
  8. Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes, tidal brackish and freshwater marshes.
  9. Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipa swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests.
  10. Brackish to saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea.
  11. Freshwater lagoons and marshes in the coastal zone; includes delta lagoon and marsh systems.

Inland Wetlands

  1. Permanent rivers and streams; includes waterfalls.
  2. Seasonal and irregular rivers and streams.
  3. Inland deltas (permanent).
  4. Riverine floodplains; includes river flats, flooded river basins, seasonally flooded grassland, savanna and palm savanna.
  5. Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes
  6. Seasonal freshwater lakes (over 8 ha), floodplain lakes
  7. Permanent and seasonal, brackish, saline or alkaline lakes flats and marshes.
  8. Permanent freshwater ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation waterlogged for at least most of the growing season.
  9. Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soil; includes sloughs, potholes, seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes.
  10. Shrub swamps; shrub dominated freshwater marsh, shrub carr, alder thicket; on inorganic soils.
  11. Freshwater swamp forest; seasonally flooded forest, wooded swamps; on inorganic soils
  12. Peatlands; shrub or open bogs, fens.
  13. Forested peatlands; peat swamp forest.
  14. Alpine and tundra wetlands; includes alpine meadows, tundra pools, temporary waters from snowmelt.
  15. Freshwater springs; oases.
  16. Geothermal wetlands.

Man-made/intensively farmed or grazed wetlands

  1. Water storage areas; reservoirs, barrages, hydroelectric dams, impoundments (generally over 8 ha).
  2. Ponds; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks; (generally below 8 ha).
  3. Aquaculture ponds: fish ponds, shrimp ponds.
  4. Salt exploitation sites; salt pans, salines, etc.
  5. Excavations; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools.
  6. Wastewater treatment areas; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc.
  7. Irrigated land and irrigation channels; rice fields, canals, ditches
  8. Seasonally flooded arable land, farmland.

Key

   Links to another web site
   Opens a pop-up window